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if if only i was important enough to

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warrant that that's great thank you

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thank you

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well welcome to fame lab talking

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astrobiology with nasa thank you all for

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coming

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for those of you for the few people in

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the room that don't know who i am i'm dr

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mary wojtek what's my name uh voytech um

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and i didn't even get to have any of the

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refreshments

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i'm the head of the astrobiology program

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at nasa astrobiology as you know is the

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study of the origin and evolution of

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life on this planet in order to

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understand where we might find it

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elsewhere in the universe

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now tonight you are going to see 11

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finalists that have competed

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with over 60 other scientists

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in a number of competitions held around

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the country one in houston one in denver

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washington dc and even a competition on

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online and these are the 11 finalists

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these talented scientists have drawn

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from their own experiences as well as

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some training that we provided to them

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as part of this competition and what are

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they going to do they're going to take

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three minutes only

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to describe a

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scientific concept in astrobiology

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planetary scientists or something more

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general

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uh without using any slides a task that

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is indeed difficult for any scientists

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i've ever met using only the props that

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they can carry up onto the stage with

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them here

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what has brought us here tonight

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is nasa's commitment as well as the

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commitment of the scientists in this

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room

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to

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uh public enlightenment that is

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fostering science literacy communicating

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our science and our enthusiasm for the

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science that we do because we cr we

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appreciate the support of the american

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public as well as the resources we get

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from the american taxpayer

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no one understood this better and and

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rose to the challenge as well as carl

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sagan

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some consider him the greatest science

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communicator in the 20th century

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he left a legacy that inspired many

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uh a

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youth and individual to go on into

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science careers

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and i had the opportunity to share with

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you this evening a recording from his

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sister

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carrie sagan green

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who we were delighted to see joined us

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in houston for our competition

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and asked to address our contestants so

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we have a recorded message message from

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her that you'll hear now thank you hello

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i am delighted that you are here looking

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forward to hearing the contestants

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participating in the u.s science

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communication competition finals

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the need to explore sits deep within the

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human psyche

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men and women exploring space is

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expensive

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but the technological benefits and

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practical advances for us who are

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earthbound would be many as we have

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already seen

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and sharing costs with other nations is

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certainly going in the right direction

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recently stephen hawking celebrated his

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70th birthday and commented

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i don't think we will survive another

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thousand years without escaping beyond

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our fragile planet

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i'd like to give you two quotes from my

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brother carl sagan

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the first one i have as a bumper sticker

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on my car

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it is far better to grasp the universe

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as it really is than to persist in

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delusion however satisfying and

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reassuring

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so i implore you to do sound science and

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not be afraid to give up pet theories if

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the evidence is elsewhere

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my second quote from carl is this

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if we manage to avoid self-destruction

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so that there are future historians our

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time will be remembered in part because

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this was when we first set sail for

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other worlds

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in the long run

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as we straighten things out down here

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there will be more of us up there

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there will be robot emissaries and human

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outposts throughout the solar system

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we will become a multi-planet species

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i believe that eventually we will be

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well off planet

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now is the time to increase this

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investment in our species future

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regardless if you win this competition

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or not

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always be advocates for science in

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general and space exploration in

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particular and clearly communicate your

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passion to people everywhere

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so now i would like to acknowledge our

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partners the cheltenham science

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festivals and

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the blue marble space institute for

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science and i'd like to take the

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opportunity to introduce two individuals

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to you

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for which if they had not helped me out

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with this idea this would have never

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happened

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shawn domigal goldman

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i i just want to take a moment here to

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talk about the community of

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communicators that we've been building

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through the family of astrobiology

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events

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this is absycon a scientific conference

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is public communications events so

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there's a lot of big brains in the room

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but the contestants not just the

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finalists you'll see here today but

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people that have been participating

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throughout all our preliminaries

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they've done something very brave

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they've gotten up on stage and shared

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their life's work with the public and

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that takes guts and they've done so

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effectively they've identified with

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other human beings with different

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backgrounds and levels of experience and

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the capability to do that also takes

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heart and i don't speak for just myself

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or even just mary and danielle when i

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say that the people that have seen you

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do that have been inspired by the

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wonderment and the sense of of of being

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that we get when looking at the universe

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and studying it

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and on a personal level and your

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attempts to be like one of our mutual

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idols carl sagan you've made me feel

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like another mutual idol of ours and

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that's kermit the frog

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because

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we we we got this stage you procured a

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stage and i twisted some of your arms

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and dragged you up onto it but then we

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got to sit down and we got to watch you

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own the stage and that was very special

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to us so i want you all to stand the 11

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finalists but also all of the people

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that have participated in any of our

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denver stand up come on stand up stand

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thank you all i really mean

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it all right thank you sean all right

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now as i think everyone in this room

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knows the nasa astrobiology program has

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always valued and always prioritized

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training the next generation of

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astrobiologists

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mary and sean and i have spent a lot of

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quality time with some of those young

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scientists over the last few months

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and

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we're here to tell you that that

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investment has paid off

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we'd like to take this opportunity to

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say thank you to the senior scientists

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advisors and mentors in the room

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your commitment to them is evident

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as you'll see in a moment the support

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and guidance you give them every day day

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is reflected in their incredible talent

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their boundless energy

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and their unwavering commitment to

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astrobiology

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so thank you again and keep up the good

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okay we're going to get started without

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further ado i'm just going to take one

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moment now to remind everyone go ahead

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and silence your cell phones please

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okay i'm going to begin by introducing

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the judges

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they have made a huge contribution to

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this effort over the last few months and

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we're thrilled to have you here again

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with us so

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david grinspoon

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is curator of astrobiology at the denver

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museum of nature and science and adjunct

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professor of astrophysical and planetary

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science at the university of colorado

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as you know he will soon occupy the

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newly established baruch s blumberg nasa

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library of congress chair and

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astrobiology

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david was awarded the 2006 carl sagan

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medal for public communication of

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planetary science by the american

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astronomical society please welcome

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all right linda billings

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linda billings is a research professor

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at the george washington university

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school of media and public affairs in

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washington d.c

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she does communication research for

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nasa's astrobiology program in science

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mission directorate

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she has advised nasa's lead scientist

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for mars exploration and nasa's

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planetary protection officer on

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communications

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her research focused on the focuses on

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the rhetoric of science and space

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exploration and the social construction

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of scientific authority

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bill margle has worked for the last 23

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years in many positions in the

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television industry

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as writer producer editor developer and

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executive

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bill has worked at the sci-fi channel

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tnt

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the travel channel and discovery studios

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in 2008 bill joined national geographic

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and is currently vice president of

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national geographic television

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bill has a love of science and adventure

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and in spite of the fact that he would

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most certainly lose his lunch and his in

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his helmet still dreams of being an

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and i think the moment many of you have

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been waiting for

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we have invited a very special guest to

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host tonight's event

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it seems only appropriate that the chief

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communications officer of the starship

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enterprise should be part of the

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inaugural fame lab astrobiology

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so here tonight with us is ms michelle

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nichols

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roddenberry to create chief

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communications officer lieutenant uhura

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fourth in command of the starship

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enterprise in his legendary tv series

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star trek

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in the words of dr martin luther king it

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became quote the first non-stereotypical

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role portrayed by a black woman in

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television history

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in 1992 she became the first

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african-american to place her handprints

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and signature in the cement walk at the

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famous man's chinese theater along with

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her other command crew members of the

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starship enterprise

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they were also honored in a special

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exhibit at the smithsonian's national

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air and space museum in washington dc

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an unprecedented accolade for the

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ms nichols public service activities

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have been equally outstanding

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working with nasa in the late 70s she

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successfully recruited the first women

286
00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:02,800
and minority astronauts for the space

287
00:12:06,550 --> 00:12:04,720
shuttle program for which she received

288
00:12:08,069 --> 00:12:06,560
nasa's distinguished published public

289
00:12:09,829 --> 00:12:08,079
service award

290
00:12:12,790 --> 00:12:09,839
she continues to be a close friend and

291
00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:12,800
staunch supporter of dr mae jemison who

292
00:12:17,269 --> 00:12:14,880
first saw lieutenant uhura when she was

293
00:12:18,790 --> 00:12:17,279
nine years old and was determined to

294
00:12:20,629 --> 00:12:18,800
follow her dream to become the first

295
00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:20,639
woman of color astronaut

296
00:12:25,190 --> 00:12:22,480
which she did

297
00:12:36,629 --> 00:12:25,200
please join me in welcoming ms michelle

298
00:12:36,639 --> 00:13:02,069
thank you thank you

299
00:13:09,190 --> 00:13:04,150
i thank you

300
00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:09,200
daniela thank you mary

301
00:13:13,350 --> 00:13:10,800
and

302
00:13:15,350 --> 00:13:13,360
this whole organization

303
00:13:16,710 --> 00:13:15,360
and

304
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:16,720
i thank

305
00:13:20,389 --> 00:13:18,240
the blessing

306
00:13:21,670 --> 00:13:20,399
that um

307
00:13:25,030 --> 00:13:21,680
brings out

308
00:13:27,350 --> 00:13:25,040
so many people who believe

309
00:13:30,949 --> 00:13:29,110
where we're going

310
00:13:33,350 --> 00:13:30,959
where we've been

311
00:13:35,030 --> 00:13:33,360
and where how we're going to get

312
00:13:37,509 --> 00:13:35,040
to the next step

313
00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:37,519
doesn't make any difference we're gonna

314
00:13:40,230 --> 00:13:38,480
go

315
00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:40,240
we're

316
00:13:46,550 --> 00:13:45,680
whatever it takes

317
00:13:49,750 --> 00:13:46,560
young

318
00:13:55,750 --> 00:13:49,760
men and women who are

319
00:13:59,750 --> 00:13:58,710
you give me shivers

320
00:14:01,910 --> 00:13:59,760
so

321
00:14:07,030 --> 00:14:01,920
any mistakes that i make up here your

322
00:14:11,189 --> 00:14:09,590
i think you're the luckiest people on

323
00:14:13,590 --> 00:14:11,199
the planet

324
00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:13,600
including those who

325
00:14:16,949 --> 00:14:15,519
stood who

326
00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:16,959
are not part of

327
00:14:22,629 --> 00:14:20,560
are not you are part and parcel of this

328
00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:22,639
wonderful event tonight

329
00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:24,320
um

330
00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:26,800
it gives me great pleasure to have been

331
00:14:34,230 --> 00:14:31,189
to

332
00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:34,240
be part of this

333
00:14:38,389 --> 00:14:36,000
and i don't know what i'm doing either

334
00:14:42,629 --> 00:14:38,399
so whatever happens

335
00:14:45,509 --> 00:14:42,639
pretend that i know what i'm doing

336
00:14:47,590 --> 00:14:45,519
i was so honored when nasa asked me

337
00:14:48,629 --> 00:14:47,600
uh to partake

338
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:48,639
and

339
00:14:51,990 --> 00:14:50,320
now that i'm here

340
00:14:53,829 --> 00:14:52,000
and see you all

341
00:14:55,910 --> 00:14:53,839
i truly know

342
00:14:56,949 --> 00:14:55,920
how important

343
00:14:58,470 --> 00:14:56,959
um

344
00:15:00,550 --> 00:14:58,480
what you're doing

345
00:15:02,790 --> 00:15:00,560
what you're giving

346
00:15:04,230 --> 00:15:02,800
what you're receiving

347
00:15:06,389 --> 00:15:04,240
and

348
00:15:08,949 --> 00:15:06,399
what will make this world

349
00:15:11,350 --> 00:15:08,959
a better place each and every one of you

350
00:15:13,110 --> 00:15:11,360
have a hand in this

351
00:15:18,069 --> 00:15:13,120
and

352
00:15:19,350 --> 00:15:18,079
get to my business thank you judges for

353
00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:19,360
joining us

354
00:15:23,269 --> 00:15:20,320
our

355
00:15:27,829 --> 00:15:24,550
auspicious

356
00:15:39,430 --> 00:15:27,839
panel of judges

357
00:15:45,430 --> 00:15:42,870
contestants good luck and um you have my

358
00:15:47,430 --> 00:15:45,440
blessings each and every one of you

359
00:15:48,790 --> 00:15:47,440
you each deserve it

360
00:15:51,269 --> 00:15:48,800
thank you

361
00:15:54,470 --> 00:15:51,279
our first contestant

362
00:15:56,470 --> 00:15:54,480
here at fam lab astrobiology

363
00:15:58,470 --> 00:15:56,480
our first contestant is michael

364
00:16:01,189 --> 00:15:58,480
chieftain

365
00:16:10,870 --> 00:16:03,590
chafton

366
00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:13,829
and um

367
00:16:13,839 --> 00:16:17,590
even though i lived in the

368
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,949
23rd century

369
00:16:27,430 --> 00:16:24,870
um i beam back here now which means

370
00:16:31,110 --> 00:16:27,440
that the perfection that it that mankind

371
00:16:33,509 --> 00:16:31,120
achieved in the 23rd century has not

372
00:16:38,470 --> 00:16:33,519
quite caught up in this century so i'm

373
00:16:42,550 --> 00:16:40,310
our first contestant

374
00:16:43,749 --> 00:16:42,560
is michael chapton

375
00:16:46,470 --> 00:16:43,759
chatham

376
00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:52,870
jeez

377
00:17:00,150 --> 00:16:55,430
chef chief chad

378
00:17:04,949 --> 00:17:02,790
he's a planetary scientist

379
00:17:07,189 --> 00:17:04,959
he will be addressing the following

380
00:17:08,949 --> 00:17:07,199
question

381
00:17:14,069 --> 00:17:08,959
where did how did they get her up on the

382
00:17:14,079 --> 00:17:29,510
does science require

383
00:17:32,470 --> 00:17:30,789
are you ready

384
00:17:34,150 --> 00:17:32,480
we're going to resolve all conflicts

385
00:17:35,430 --> 00:17:34,160
between science and faith in under three

386
00:17:37,110 --> 00:17:35,440
minutes

387
00:17:39,190 --> 00:17:37,120
and i'm going to help by telling you a

388
00:17:40,950 --> 00:17:39,200
story about the stars

389
00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:40,960
stars rise in the east and set in the

390
00:17:45,430 --> 00:17:43,360
west passing overhead every night but

391
00:17:46,710 --> 00:17:45,440
one star doesn't move

392
00:17:48,230 --> 00:17:46,720
polaris

393
00:17:49,750 --> 00:17:48,240
the north star

394
00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:49,760
we call it polaris because it's above

395
00:17:52,470 --> 00:17:51,120
the earth's pole

396
00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:52,480
and if you can imagine spinning a

397
00:17:55,909 --> 00:17:54,480
basketball in the tip of your finger

398
00:17:58,950 --> 00:17:55,919
it's on one of those two points on the

399
00:18:00,230 --> 00:17:58,960
basketball that doesn't move as it spins

400
00:18:02,549 --> 00:18:00,240
it doesn't move in the sky and that's

401
00:18:05,350 --> 00:18:02,559
why it's so useful for navigation

402
00:18:07,590 --> 00:18:05,360
but polaris wasn't always the north star

403
00:18:10,230 --> 00:18:07,600
the earth spins like a top and like a

404
00:18:12,230 --> 00:18:10,240
top spinning down it wobbles

405
00:18:14,549 --> 00:18:12,240
the wobble is so slow

406
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:14,559
so slow that it takes 26 000 years for

407
00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:16,640
the earth to wobble once

408
00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:18,240
that's slow enough that when we point to

409
00:18:20,950 --> 00:18:19,440
polaris

410
00:18:24,150 --> 00:18:20,960
we're pointing to the same north star

411
00:18:28,710 --> 00:18:26,150
so this wobble which scientists call

412
00:18:30,150 --> 00:18:28,720
procession is slow it's hard to detect

413
00:18:32,310 --> 00:18:30,160
so maybe you're saying we've only known

414
00:18:33,270 --> 00:18:32,320
about it for 50 years maybe a hundred

415
00:18:34,870 --> 00:18:33,280
tops

416
00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:34,880
but i'm here to tell you that we've

417
00:18:38,950 --> 00:18:37,440
known about it since antiquity

418
00:18:40,870 --> 00:18:38,960
two thousand years ago a man named

419
00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:40,880
heparkus was an astronomer on the isle

420
00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:43,200
of rhodes in the mediterranean sea

421
00:18:47,350 --> 00:18:44,720
he was the first astronomer to make a

422
00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:47,360
comprehensive chart of the stars

423
00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:48,880
he would look at a star in the heavens

424
00:18:53,110 --> 00:18:51,520
and mark it down on his chart

425
00:18:55,029 --> 00:18:53,120
and while he was making his charts he

426
00:18:56,710 --> 00:18:55,039
came across an earlier chart

427
00:18:58,870 --> 00:18:56,720
made two hundred years before by

428
00:19:01,750 --> 00:18:58,880
timocheris of alexandria

429
00:19:04,470 --> 00:19:01,760
and he noticed a strange discrepancy

430
00:19:06,470 --> 00:19:04,480
the bright star spica was two degrees

431
00:19:09,029 --> 00:19:06,480
off in timacaris's chart from where

432
00:19:10,390 --> 00:19:09,039
hipparchus saw it in the sky

433
00:19:11,990 --> 00:19:10,400
two degrees

434
00:19:13,909 --> 00:19:12,000
if you stretch out both of your thumbs

435
00:19:16,549 --> 00:19:13,919
in front of you at arm's length that's

436
00:19:17,750 --> 00:19:16,559
about two degrees from end to end

437
00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:17,760
it's a small enough difference that i

438
00:19:21,029 --> 00:19:18,960
think most people would have looked at

439
00:19:22,150 --> 00:19:21,039
timocaris's chart and said

440
00:19:24,789 --> 00:19:22,160
no way

441
00:19:26,549 --> 00:19:24,799
the stars don't move not that much the

442
00:19:28,150 --> 00:19:26,559
heavens are supposed to be perfect right

443
00:19:31,110 --> 00:19:28,160
unchanging

444
00:19:33,029 --> 00:19:31,120
but timocharis but parkas had faith

445
00:19:34,950 --> 00:19:33,039
faith in timocharis a man who lived 200

446
00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:34,960
years before he was born

447
00:19:38,070 --> 00:19:36,240
faith that he had made a difficult

448
00:19:40,390 --> 00:19:38,080
observation

449
00:19:42,549 --> 00:19:40,400
it's the same kind of faith that we need

450
00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:42,559
today as scientists

451
00:19:47,990 --> 00:19:45,280
especially in astrobiology a field which

452
00:19:49,669 --> 00:19:48,000
combines disciplines combines expertise

453
00:19:51,110 --> 00:19:49,679
that takes more than one lifetime to

454
00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:51,120
accrue

455
00:19:54,870 --> 00:19:53,200
and on a deeper level when people say

456
00:19:58,390 --> 00:19:54,880
that science and faith are opposites i

457
00:20:01,270 --> 00:19:58,400
think what they mean is that faith is

458
00:20:03,270 --> 00:20:01,280
content with unexamined explanation

459
00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:03,280
whereas science requires deliberate

460
00:20:08,230 --> 00:20:05,120
exploration

461
00:20:11,110 --> 00:20:08,240
but science in a very real way does

462
00:20:12,390 --> 00:20:11,120
require faith faith in each other but in

463
00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:12,400
a deeper way

464
00:20:15,270 --> 00:20:14,240
as hipparchus knew and as carl sagan

465
00:20:17,990 --> 00:20:15,280
once said

466
00:20:21,270 --> 00:20:18,000
faith that somewhere out there something

467
00:20:32,549 --> 00:20:21,280
incredible is waiting to be known

468
00:20:32,559 --> 00:20:37,830
michael chafin

469
00:20:42,149 --> 00:20:40,230
and now we're going to

470
00:20:44,549 --> 00:20:42,159
take three minutes of questions and

471
00:20:47,430 --> 00:20:44,559
comments from our judges that was

472
00:20:49,190 --> 00:20:47,440
wonderful michael incidentally

473
00:20:52,149 --> 00:20:49,200
judges

474
00:20:53,270 --> 00:20:52,159
michael that was great thank you um

475
00:20:54,710 --> 00:20:53,280
so

476
00:20:56,470 --> 00:20:54,720
as i understand it you're saying that

477
00:20:58,149 --> 00:20:56,480
even as scientists uh

478
00:21:00,149 --> 00:20:58,159
even though sometimes people say science

479
00:21:01,990 --> 00:21:00,159
doesn't require faith it does because

480
00:21:03,750 --> 00:21:02,000
you can't do every experiment yourself

481
00:21:06,070 --> 00:21:03,760
and you have to take other people's word

482
00:21:07,430 --> 00:21:06,080
for it so but then

483
00:21:08,789 --> 00:21:07,440
you can't take everybody's word for

484
00:21:11,029 --> 00:21:08,799
everything so

485
00:21:12,630 --> 00:21:11,039
how do you distinguish between what you

486
00:21:15,190 --> 00:21:12,640
should take on faith and and what you

487
00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:15,200
shouldn't ah it's a great question um so

488
00:21:19,029 --> 00:21:17,280
there is a practical way or a pragmatic

489
00:21:20,710 --> 00:21:19,039
way in which science does require faith

490
00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:20,720
right we can't go out there and repeat

491
00:21:24,870 --> 00:21:23,200
every experiment um but

492
00:21:26,470 --> 00:21:24,880
at the same time right there's a deeper

493
00:21:28,710 --> 00:21:26,480
level of faith that's required in

494
00:21:30,789 --> 00:21:28,720
science a faith that our brains which

495
00:21:32,549 --> 00:21:30,799
after all are evolved from single-celled

496
00:21:34,630 --> 00:21:32,559
organisms are capable of understanding

497
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:34,640
and interpreting the universe

498
00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:36,000
i think it's very important right

499
00:21:40,789 --> 00:21:38,720
science is not all about faith

500
00:21:42,870 --> 00:21:40,799
fundamentally it's about let's see let's

501
00:21:44,870 --> 00:21:42,880
go out there and do experiments and test

502
00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:44,880
things about the universe right but

503
00:21:48,070 --> 00:21:46,080
there's a faith that we're all in that

504
00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:48,080
together that as a scientific community

505
00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:49,840
we can unravel the secrets of the

506
00:21:54,710 --> 00:21:51,200
universe and

507
00:21:56,230 --> 00:21:54,720
distill them into concrete statements

508
00:21:57,669 --> 00:21:56,240
thank you michael that was really a

509
00:21:59,190 --> 00:21:57,679
terrific presentation i particularly

510
00:22:00,789 --> 00:21:59,200
like your class and i have a very quick

511
00:22:02,310 --> 00:22:00,799
question and i like a very quick answer

512
00:22:04,870 --> 00:22:02,320
because we're limited to three minutes

513
00:22:07,190 --> 00:22:04,880
sure when we when did you first

514
00:22:10,310 --> 00:22:07,200
become aware in your scientific career

515
00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:10,320
that you needed to operate on some faith

516
00:22:15,750 --> 00:22:13,600
uh well i don't know so i guess um

517
00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:15,760
it starts out the way that our education

518
00:22:19,190 --> 00:22:17,280
system operates

519
00:22:20,630 --> 00:22:19,200
uh it's sort of teacher in front of sage

520
00:22:22,070 --> 00:22:20,640
on a stage right there's a teacher in

521
00:22:23,669 --> 00:22:22,080
front of the room telling you things on

522
00:22:26,149 --> 00:22:23,679
faith right and sort of the i think

523
00:22:28,470 --> 00:22:26,159
everybody takes science on faith

524
00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:28,480
initially maybe the gap that you need to

525
00:22:33,110 --> 00:22:30,880
breach is to say i have faith that i can

526
00:22:35,350 --> 00:22:33,120
discover these things myself that as a

527
00:22:37,830 --> 00:22:35,360
community we can go out there and figure

528
00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:37,840
things out

529
00:23:35,270 --> 00:22:38,480
i

530
00:23:37,110 --> 00:23:35,280
our next contestant

531
00:23:39,590 --> 00:23:37,120
is kate fullette

532
00:23:42,070 --> 00:23:39,600
and she is an astronomer

533
00:23:44,149 --> 00:23:42,080
she's going to tell us

534
00:23:47,590 --> 00:23:44,159
that they call it

535
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:59,590
for a reason

536
00:24:03,190 --> 00:24:01,590
when i talk to people about what i do

537
00:24:05,590 --> 00:24:03,200
which is to look for planets around

538
00:24:07,909 --> 00:24:05,600
other stars they almost never ask me

539
00:24:10,710 --> 00:24:07,919
questions about planets they want to

540
00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:10,720
know about aliens

541
00:24:14,230 --> 00:24:12,720
in fact no joke the gentleman sitting

542
00:24:16,549 --> 00:24:14,240
next to me on the plane on my way here

543
00:24:18,710 --> 00:24:16,559
to atlanta last week said

544
00:24:21,190 --> 00:24:18,720
so you're an astronomer why haven't you

545
00:24:22,549 --> 00:24:21,200
found e.t yet

546
00:24:24,549 --> 00:24:22,559
and i said

547
00:24:25,909 --> 00:24:24,559
you know i sense this frustration in him

548
00:24:27,590 --> 00:24:25,919
and in other people who ask me these

549
00:24:31,029 --> 00:24:27,600
questions and i want people to know that

550
00:24:32,789 --> 00:24:31,039
we really are trying it's not just uh

551
00:24:35,029 --> 00:24:32,799
laziness on our part that means that we

552
00:24:37,909 --> 00:24:35,039
haven't found a habitable planet yet

553
00:24:40,630 --> 00:24:37,919
it's fundamentally a problem of space

554
00:24:42,390 --> 00:24:40,640
after all we call it space

555
00:24:44,390 --> 00:24:42,400
for a reason

556
00:24:46,230 --> 00:24:44,400
so i want to do a simple model here to

557
00:24:48,390 --> 00:24:46,240
put that into context so i want you to

558
00:24:50,870 --> 00:24:48,400
imagine that this apple represents the

559
00:24:54,390 --> 00:24:50,880
entire earth everything you know and

560
00:24:59,110 --> 00:24:57,269
okay so if this is the earth then the

561
00:25:01,350 --> 00:24:59,120
moon would be about the size of a penny

562
00:25:02,950 --> 00:25:01,360
so our nearest nearest object to the

563
00:25:04,390 --> 00:25:02,960
earth and this is the audience

564
00:25:06,070 --> 00:25:04,400
participation part i'm going to move it

565
00:25:08,070 --> 00:25:06,080
away from the apple and i want you guys

566
00:25:09,909 --> 00:25:08,080
to make some noise when you think i may

567
00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:09,919
have made a good model of the earth moon

568
00:25:19,430 --> 00:25:16,630
okay so about here-ish of course i fed

569
00:25:21,909 --> 00:25:19,440
them that but um

570
00:25:24,710 --> 00:25:21,919
here-ish is where most people guess but

571
00:25:26,870 --> 00:25:24,720
in reality i can't even stretch my arms

572
00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:26,880
out far enough so i'm going to need to

573
00:25:31,350 --> 00:25:28,960
set this apple down and move six and a

574
00:25:33,110 --> 00:25:31,360
half feet this way so here's my penny

575
00:25:35,029 --> 00:25:33,120
and i'm just gonna drop it because uh

576
00:25:36,950 --> 00:25:35,039
the moon is sterile and i though there's

577
00:25:39,029 --> 00:25:36,960
no life there so i'm gonna keep going

578
00:25:41,110 --> 00:25:39,039
and at this point i'm farther away from

579
00:25:43,350 --> 00:25:41,120
that apple than any human being has ever

580
00:25:44,950 --> 00:25:43,360
been from the earth

581
00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:44,960
and as i reach the edge of the stage

582
00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:47,840
here i'm not even anywhere near

583
00:25:53,190 --> 00:25:50,240
mars our nearest neighbor mars is in

584
00:25:55,029 --> 00:25:53,200
fact a quarter of a mile that way

585
00:25:56,710 --> 00:25:55,039
and the edge of our solar system where

586
00:25:58,870 --> 00:25:56,720
the voyager spacecraft are now so the

587
00:26:00,870 --> 00:25:58,880
farthest any man-made object has ever

588
00:26:02,549 --> 00:26:00,880
been from the earth that's four miles

589
00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:02,559
that way on the other side of downtown

590
00:26:05,590 --> 00:26:03,840
atlanta

591
00:26:07,430 --> 00:26:05,600
so when we're looking for planets around

592
00:26:09,750 --> 00:26:07,440
other stars we need to go to the nearest

593
00:26:11,350 --> 00:26:09,760
stars how far away are those

594
00:26:15,750 --> 00:26:11,360
our nearest star

595
00:26:17,909 --> 00:26:15,760
is 140 000 miles that way in this model

596
00:26:21,590 --> 00:26:17,919
that's halfway to the moon

597
00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:23,110
and at that distance what we're doing

598
00:26:27,350 --> 00:26:24,720
we're astronomers on that apple over

599
00:26:29,269 --> 00:26:27,360
there we're looking 140 000 miles away

600
00:26:31,510 --> 00:26:29,279
for another apple

601
00:26:33,110 --> 00:26:31,520
and in that context it seems like an

602
00:26:34,950 --> 00:26:33,120
impossible problem

603
00:26:37,669 --> 00:26:34,960
so you know i'm here to tell you it's

604
00:26:40,070 --> 00:26:37,679
possible in fact we've already found at

605
00:26:42,149 --> 00:26:40,080
those kinds of distances

606
00:26:43,750 --> 00:26:42,159
watermelons and cantaloupes and even

607
00:26:45,830 --> 00:26:43,760
grapefruits

608
00:26:47,350 --> 00:26:45,840
we just need a little bit more time to

609
00:26:50,390 --> 00:26:47,360
shrink the size of the fruit that we're

610
00:26:52,710 --> 00:26:50,400
finding until we find another apple out

611
00:27:01,029 --> 00:26:52,720
there in the cosmos and science catches

612
00:27:01,039 --> 00:27:05,269
judges

613
00:27:08,710 --> 00:27:07,430
well first of all i'm hungry now um

614
00:27:09,350 --> 00:27:08,720
would you like

615
00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:09,360
it

616
00:27:18,870 --> 00:27:17,440
you on the plane when you head home and

617
00:27:21,350 --> 00:27:18,880
and you go through and you tell me how

618
00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:21,360
big space is so my answer or my question

619
00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:24,080
to you is if space is so big

620
00:27:29,269 --> 00:27:27,440
okay so how are we going to find et

621
00:27:30,950 --> 00:27:29,279
well i mean it's pretty remarkable the

622
00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:30,960
technology that we already have has

623
00:27:34,710 --> 00:27:33,120
allowed us and you know i was making a

624
00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:34,720
joke but we really have found things

625
00:27:38,870 --> 00:27:36,480
that are only a little bit bigger than

626
00:27:40,710 --> 00:27:38,880
the apple in this scale model we've

627
00:27:42,149 --> 00:27:40,720
found super ears that are a couple times

628
00:27:43,430 --> 00:27:42,159
bigger than the apple which is why i use

629
00:27:44,310 --> 00:27:43,440
the grapefruit

630
00:27:47,909 --> 00:27:44,320
so

631
00:27:49,430 --> 00:27:47,919
hope that you know technological

632
00:27:51,110 --> 00:27:49,440
improvement will continue and we'll

633
00:27:53,510 --> 00:27:51,120
we'll be able to find one that's great

634
00:27:57,510 --> 00:27:55,750
very nice job i really liked your fruit

635
00:27:58,710 --> 00:27:57,520
metaphors and how did you come up with

636
00:28:01,029 --> 00:27:58,720
the fruit was it because fruit was

637
00:28:02,630 --> 00:28:01,039
sitting outside in the lobby all day

638
00:28:08,070 --> 00:28:02,640
well i used to use a tennis ball but i

639
00:28:11,350 --> 00:28:09,669
so you think so we're going to find

640
00:28:12,549 --> 00:28:11,360
these apples pretty soon but then how

641
00:28:16,310 --> 00:28:12,559
are you going to figure out if there are

642
00:28:19,909 --> 00:28:18,310
that's not a problem that i have to

643
00:28:31,669 --> 00:28:19,919
investigate

644
00:28:31,679 --> 00:28:36,950
thank you kate

645
00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:41,350
warmer than apple

646
00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:46,310
hold on

647
00:28:51,750 --> 00:28:48,549
okay judges while they're doing their

648
00:29:03,669 --> 00:28:56,149
judge

649
00:29:05,430 --> 00:29:03,679
minutes are up

650
00:29:07,350 --> 00:29:05,440
our next

651
00:29:09,110 --> 00:29:07,360
is heather graham

652
00:29:11,190 --> 00:29:09,120
she's an organic

653
00:29:13,110 --> 00:29:11,200
geochemist

654
00:29:17,430 --> 00:29:13,120
and she's going to talk about

655
00:29:19,029 --> 00:29:17,440
hashtag occupy the universe

656
00:29:31,190 --> 00:29:19,039
a hashtag

657
00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:33,110
i have a confession to make to all of

658
00:29:39,350 --> 00:29:35,840
you and this is very unpopular for me to

659
00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:39,360
say but i'm a one percenter

660
00:29:41,990 --> 00:29:41,039
i'm part of the one percent you've heard

661
00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:42,000
about

662
00:29:45,830 --> 00:29:44,159
actually david is as well

663
00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:45,840
you should know and strangely enough so

664
00:29:49,510 --> 00:29:47,840
is his hat

665
00:29:50,870 --> 00:29:49,520
but before you raise our taxes you

666
00:29:53,350 --> 00:29:50,880
should probably know that all of you are

667
00:29:54,950 --> 00:29:53,360
one percenters as well and all the

668
00:29:56,789 --> 00:29:54,960
occupiers on wall street are one

669
00:29:59,029 --> 00:29:56,799
percenters in fact everyone on the

670
00:30:01,190 --> 00:29:59,039
planet including our planet and all the

671
00:30:02,549 --> 00:30:01,200
other planets out there were all one

672
00:30:04,070 --> 00:30:02,559
percenters

673
00:30:06,549 --> 00:30:04,080
so you're probably wondering what makes

674
00:30:08,470 --> 00:30:06,559
us all part of this exclusive group and

675
00:30:10,870 --> 00:30:08,480
it's because we're made of matter

676
00:30:13,510 --> 00:30:10,880
so that means we have volume we take up

677
00:30:14,789 --> 00:30:13,520
space and we have mass sometimes more

678
00:30:16,870 --> 00:30:14,799
than we'll admit to

679
00:30:18,389 --> 00:30:16,880
and we can be detected visually with the

680
00:30:20,149 --> 00:30:18,399
senses

681
00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:20,159
but nearly 99

682
00:30:24,389 --> 00:30:22,000
most of the universe out there we can't

683
00:30:26,149 --> 00:30:24,399
see can't be detected visually

684
00:30:29,190 --> 00:30:26,159
but even though we can't see it we have

685
00:30:30,870 --> 00:30:29,200
ways of knowing that the 99 is out there

686
00:30:33,029 --> 00:30:30,880
one of the ways that we know is we look

687
00:30:35,430 --> 00:30:33,039
out with telescopes into space and we

688
00:30:37,350 --> 00:30:35,440
see these big hot clouds of gas out

689
00:30:39,590 --> 00:30:37,360
there but they're not acting like a

690
00:30:41,110 --> 00:30:39,600
cloud they're not dispersing instead

691
00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:41,120
they're being held together very

692
00:30:45,510 --> 00:30:43,840
strongly by gravitational force

693
00:30:48,070 --> 00:30:45,520
and you remember that gravity is the

694
00:30:49,909 --> 00:30:48,080
attractive force between two masses so

695
00:30:52,230 --> 00:30:49,919
that means there's some big mass in that

696
00:30:54,149 --> 00:30:52,240
cloud that we can't see that's holding

697
00:30:55,750 --> 00:30:54,159
it together

698
00:30:57,110 --> 00:30:55,760
so another way that we have detecting

699
00:30:59,269 --> 00:30:57,120
the 99

700
00:31:01,430 --> 00:30:59,279
is we can try to estimate the mass of

701
00:31:03,509 --> 00:31:01,440
galaxies and we do that by using the

702
00:31:06,389 --> 00:31:03,519
motion of objects within them and when

703
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:06,399
we calculate that mass of a galaxy it's

704
00:31:10,710 --> 00:31:08,000
much much greater than if we were just

705
00:31:12,549 --> 00:31:10,720
to count up all the individual masses of

706
00:31:14,149 --> 00:31:12,559
the luminous objects in the galaxy

707
00:31:15,669 --> 00:31:14,159
things like stars and dust that are

708
00:31:17,350 --> 00:31:15,679
lighting up

709
00:31:19,830 --> 00:31:17,360
so that means there's some big mass in

710
00:31:22,310 --> 00:31:19,840
that galaxy contributing to its total

711
00:31:24,230 --> 00:31:22,320
total weight that's not lighting up so

712
00:31:25,590 --> 00:31:24,240
we call it dark matter

713
00:31:27,029 --> 00:31:25,600
but now that you know that you're all

714
00:31:28,310 --> 00:31:27,039
part of the elite one percent you're

715
00:31:30,470 --> 00:31:28,320
probably wondering why we should even

716
00:31:33,669 --> 00:31:30,480
care about the 99 percent i mean

717
00:31:39,029 --> 00:31:36,950
but actually the 99 is pretty important

718
00:31:41,590 --> 00:31:39,039
without that big mass in that galaxy it

719
00:31:42,950 --> 00:31:41,600
might just fly apart for lack of gravity

720
00:31:44,950 --> 00:31:42,960
and this is going to sound very

721
00:31:48,389 --> 00:31:44,960
melodramatic but actually the fate of

722
00:31:50,310 --> 00:31:48,399
the universe depends on the 99 percent

723
00:31:52,470 --> 00:31:50,320
see our universe is locked in a struggle

724
00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:52,480
right now between the leftover momentum

725
00:31:56,389 --> 00:31:54,640
of expansion from the big bang and the

726
00:31:57,990 --> 00:31:56,399
gravity of all the objects within it

727
00:32:00,470 --> 00:31:58,000
that hold it together

728
00:32:02,149 --> 00:32:00,480
and if at any point that gravity becomes

729
00:32:04,230 --> 00:32:02,159
bigger than that outward momentum of

730
00:32:06,070 --> 00:32:04,240
expansion our universe will crunch in

731
00:32:08,389 --> 00:32:06,080
and collapse on itself

732
00:32:09,909 --> 00:32:08,399
but luckily some of that 99 out there

733
00:32:12,070 --> 00:32:09,919
has this very strange trait we don't

734
00:32:14,149 --> 00:32:12,080
really understand yet that's exerting a

735
00:32:15,750 --> 00:32:14,159
negative pressure on the universe so

736
00:32:18,070 --> 00:32:15,760
instead of falling in on ourselves we're

737
00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:18,080
expanding at an ever greater rate

738
00:32:21,509 --> 00:32:19,840
so that means for us one percenters

739
00:32:32,230 --> 00:32:21,519
every day we're not squished by our own

740
00:32:36,070 --> 00:32:34,389
judges

741
00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:36,080
thank you heather that was a very nicely

742
00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:38,000
constructed narrative and i thank you

743
00:32:42,710 --> 00:32:40,320
for that

744
00:32:43,909 --> 00:32:42,720
yeah it was great um so but

745
00:32:45,830 --> 00:32:43,919
while we have you here i just have to

746
00:32:48,950 --> 00:32:45,840
know so what is the fate of the universe

747
00:32:54,630 --> 00:32:51,269
oh oh i'm not at liberty to say i'm so

748
00:32:58,310 --> 00:32:56,070
i thought it was terrific i think you

749
00:32:59,750 --> 00:32:58,320
know the the thing about

750
00:33:01,430 --> 00:32:59,760
the thing you've done well here is

751
00:33:02,789 --> 00:33:01,440
you've taken a construct that we all

752
00:33:04,549 --> 00:33:02,799
have heard about obviously in the news

753
00:33:06,070 --> 00:33:04,559
for the last however many months and

754
00:33:08,789 --> 00:33:06,080
made us all think about it and you know

755
00:33:10,310 --> 00:33:08,799
and and drawn this great analogy so a

756
00:33:11,669 --> 00:33:10,320
really nice job tonight i've been

757
00:33:13,590 --> 00:33:11,679
desperately afraid that people will

758
00:33:16,549 --> 00:33:13,600
forget about the aquify museum before

759
00:33:16,559 --> 00:33:19,750
terrific thank you

760
00:33:25,990 --> 00:33:21,029
thank you

761
00:33:32,630 --> 00:33:29,430
our next speaker is noah hammond

762
00:33:36,870 --> 00:33:32,640
noah is a planetary scientist who speak

763
00:33:41,909 --> 00:33:36,880
about the late heavy bombardment

764
00:33:49,909 --> 00:33:41,919
the solar system's civil war

765
00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:52,230
the most violent time in the history of

766
00:33:57,509 --> 00:33:55,360
the earth was 4 billion years ago during

767
00:33:59,029 --> 00:33:57,519
what i like to call the solar system's

768
00:34:01,430 --> 00:33:59,039
civil war

769
00:34:02,230 --> 00:34:01,440
so it had profound effects for life on

770
00:34:04,830 --> 00:34:02,240
earth

771
00:34:07,669 --> 00:34:04,840
and implications for life in the

772
00:34:11,829 --> 00:34:07,679
universe so let's pretend michelle

773
00:34:13,589 --> 00:34:11,839
nichols is the sun or our star

774
00:34:16,950 --> 00:34:13,599
so right next to her we have the inner

775
00:34:19,669 --> 00:34:16,960
solar system among them earth

776
00:34:20,790 --> 00:34:19,679
fragile maybe with oceans and life on it

777
00:34:23,430 --> 00:34:20,800
at this time

778
00:34:24,629 --> 00:34:23,440
and out here we have jupiter

779
00:34:27,349 --> 00:34:24,639
and saturn

780
00:34:28,710 --> 00:34:27,359
the enemies of earth

781
00:34:30,790 --> 00:34:28,720
so they get into this kind of

782
00:34:32,869 --> 00:34:30,800
gravitational tug of war

783
00:34:34,869 --> 00:34:32,879
where as they pass close to one another

784
00:34:36,869 --> 00:34:34,879
in their orbits they attract each other

785
00:34:39,190 --> 00:34:36,879
with their immense gravities and that

786
00:34:41,669 --> 00:34:39,200
changes their orbits dramatically

787
00:34:43,750 --> 00:34:41,679
and the asteroid belt right next to it

788
00:34:46,470 --> 00:34:43,760
is some of it is flung through the inner

789
00:34:48,950 --> 00:34:46,480
solar system attacking the inner planets

790
00:34:50,710 --> 00:34:48,960
bombarding their surfaces

791
00:34:52,950 --> 00:34:50,720
this is a theory

792
00:34:55,430 --> 00:34:52,960
called the late heavy bombardment

793
00:34:56,470 --> 00:34:55,440
and the evidence for it comes from the

794
00:35:00,710 --> 00:34:56,480
moon

795
00:35:03,349 --> 00:35:00,720
collected samples from some of the

796
00:35:05,589 --> 00:35:03,359
largest impact craters and we dated

797
00:35:08,470 --> 00:35:05,599
those samples to all be around the same

798
00:35:11,190 --> 00:35:08,480
age of 4 billion years ago

799
00:35:13,910 --> 00:35:11,200
so that means if the moon was impacted

800
00:35:16,710 --> 00:35:13,920
the earth was even more so its larger

801
00:35:17,990 --> 00:35:16,720
gravity would pull in more impactors

802
00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:18,000
so

803
00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:19,920
picture this in your mind's eye

804
00:35:25,910 --> 00:35:23,200
an asteroid so immense that it careens

805
00:35:28,230 --> 00:35:25,920
through the atmosphere and

806
00:35:30,790 --> 00:35:28,240
boom impacts the atlantic ocean and

807
00:35:32,870 --> 00:35:30,800
boils off all the water this is how

808
00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:32,880
extreme we think this event might have

809
00:35:36,630 --> 00:35:34,320
been

810
00:35:38,230 --> 00:35:36,640
so it's very likely that life on the

811
00:35:39,750 --> 00:35:38,240
surface of the earth

812
00:35:41,109 --> 00:35:39,760
would not have been able to survive this

813
00:35:44,230 --> 00:35:41,119
event

814
00:35:46,310 --> 00:35:44,240
but if it lived below the surface

815
00:35:48,710 --> 00:35:46,320
shielded from the chaos above

816
00:35:52,150 --> 00:35:48,720
it might have and there are organisms

817
00:35:53,990 --> 00:35:52,160
which we know can live in that area

818
00:35:55,910 --> 00:35:54,000
a second possibility

819
00:35:57,349 --> 00:35:55,920
is that life had to arrive

820
00:35:59,829 --> 00:35:57,359
after this event

821
00:36:01,670 --> 00:35:59,839
in which case it did so very quickly

822
00:36:03,750 --> 00:36:01,680
because some of the first chemical

823
00:36:06,470 --> 00:36:03,760
evidence of life

824
00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:06,480
we find happens just after this solar

825
00:36:10,150 --> 00:36:08,240
system civil war

826
00:36:12,550 --> 00:36:10,160
so that means it didn't take as long as

827
00:36:15,109 --> 00:36:12,560
we thought to go from atoms and

828
00:36:16,470 --> 00:36:15,119
molecules to some of the first living

829
00:36:19,270 --> 00:36:16,480
organisms

830
00:36:21,750 --> 00:36:19,280
and if it didn't take long for life to

831
00:36:23,990 --> 00:36:21,760
arise on this planet

832
00:36:26,150 --> 00:36:24,000
it might not take long for life to arise

833
00:36:27,670 --> 00:36:26,160
on other planets in other parts of the

834
00:36:30,310 --> 00:36:27,680
galaxy

835
00:36:31,910 --> 00:36:30,320
so from the solar system civil war we

836
00:36:33,750 --> 00:36:31,920
learned that the probability of lives

837
00:36:35,030 --> 00:36:33,760
elsewhere might be higher than we

838
00:36:41,030 --> 00:36:35,040
thought

839
00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:44,230
judges

840
00:36:49,510 --> 00:36:47,270
nice job noah and uh encouraging uh

841
00:36:51,910 --> 00:36:49,520
punchline i like to think of

842
00:36:53,670 --> 00:36:51,920
the chances being good out there about i

843
00:36:55,829 --> 00:36:53,680
have a question so you said that jupiter

844
00:36:57,670 --> 00:36:55,839
is the enemy of earth but we often hear

845
00:37:00,390 --> 00:36:57,680
about in astrobiology about jupiter

846
00:37:02,230 --> 00:37:00,400
protecting the earth from

847
00:37:04,710 --> 00:37:02,240
a greater number of impacts that we

848
00:37:07,109 --> 00:37:04,720
would have if jupiter wasn't fending off

849
00:37:10,230 --> 00:37:07,119
the asteroids and com comets so

850
00:37:13,109 --> 00:37:10,240
when and why did jupiter switch sides

851
00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:13,119
that turn cloak yeah well what we know

852
00:37:18,950 --> 00:37:15,440
is that uh since jupiter the largest

853
00:37:22,870 --> 00:37:18,960
planet has a very large effect on comets

854
00:37:25,990 --> 00:37:22,880
and asteroids uh near its orbit and so

855
00:37:29,430 --> 00:37:26,000
at that time it got into this two one

856
00:37:32,710 --> 00:37:29,440
resonance with saturn which moved it

857
00:37:35,349 --> 00:37:32,720
around and it exerted its influence on

858
00:37:38,150 --> 00:37:35,359
the solar system and now today

859
00:37:39,030 --> 00:37:38,160
uh it's in a more stable orbit

860
00:37:41,990 --> 00:37:39,040
and

861
00:37:43,990 --> 00:37:42,000
uh it you know many uh things are still

862
00:37:45,670 --> 00:37:44,000
impacting it like the shoemaker levy

863
00:37:47,030 --> 00:37:45,680
comet that we saw today when when that

864
00:37:48,630 --> 00:37:47,040
came out it's like oh thank you our

865
00:37:50,950 --> 00:37:48,640
protector jupiter

866
00:37:52,470 --> 00:37:50,960
so uh like the key message is it has a

867
00:37:54,310 --> 00:37:52,480
very strong influence on the solar

868
00:37:56,069 --> 00:37:54,320
system

869
00:37:58,150 --> 00:37:56,079
great job noah thank you i have a

870
00:38:00,710 --> 00:37:58,160
question if you were a micro with a

871
00:38:03,030 --> 00:38:00,720
movie camera standing behind a rock four

872
00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:03,040
billion years ago on early earth during

873
00:38:07,829 --> 00:38:05,040
the late having bombarment what would

874
00:38:10,470 --> 00:38:07,839
you see i mean are we seeing bombardment

875
00:38:12,630 --> 00:38:10,480
every day every week every month every

876
00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:12,640
few years can you give us just quickly

877
00:38:16,470 --> 00:38:14,720
like a picture of what you would see oh

878
00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:16,480
that's a tough question

879
00:38:20,550 --> 00:38:18,400
and you know if we had a time machine i

880
00:38:22,870 --> 00:38:20,560
might like to go back and see that but

881
00:38:25,109 --> 00:38:22,880
then i want to take some protective gear

882
00:38:27,510 --> 00:38:25,119
uh it's difficult to really say i know

883
00:38:30,230 --> 00:38:27,520
that uh you know the moon has many very

884
00:38:31,190 --> 00:38:30,240
large impact craters on it and

885
00:38:35,349 --> 00:38:31,200
the

886
00:38:38,230 --> 00:38:35,359
being bombarded which is over a period

887
00:38:41,190 --> 00:38:38,240
of around 200 million years uh there was

888
00:38:43,750 --> 00:38:41,200
some very humongous impacts

889
00:38:46,390 --> 00:38:43,760
and how far apart they were spaced i

890
00:38:48,870 --> 00:38:46,400
can't exactly say off the top of my head

891
00:38:49,990 --> 00:38:48,880
but it's an excellent question

892
00:38:52,870 --> 00:38:50,000
i don't know if i could top that

893
00:38:53,829 --> 00:38:52,880
question um so you know no obviously

894
00:38:55,589 --> 00:38:53,839
you've got great skills as a

895
00:38:56,870 --> 00:38:55,599
communicator

896
00:38:58,550 --> 00:38:56,880
you know and there's a lot of great

897
00:39:00,550 --> 00:38:58,560
scientists here in the room

898
00:39:01,910 --> 00:39:00,560
why do you wanna why do you wanna not

899
00:39:03,109 --> 00:39:01,920
only do science but communicate it

900
00:39:05,349 --> 00:39:03,119
what's what's so important about it to

901
00:39:08,150 --> 00:39:05,359
you well i think that there's just so

902
00:39:11,030 --> 00:39:08,160
many cool stories about the universe

903
00:39:13,910 --> 00:39:11,040
that nobody's really heard of before and

904
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:13,920
uh telling them it's just so much fun

905
00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:15,680
that's the short answer in a nutshell

906
00:39:21,829 --> 00:39:16,720
right there

907
00:39:21,839 --> 00:39:26,870
thank you noah

908
00:39:30,390 --> 00:39:29,190
we're now going we're now going to hear

909
00:39:32,310 --> 00:39:30,400
from

910
00:39:52,069 --> 00:39:32,320
lucas joel

911
00:39:55,270 --> 00:39:52,079
lucas is a paleontologist

912
00:39:57,190 --> 00:39:55,280
and lucas is going to explore the

913
00:39:58,870 --> 00:39:57,200
curious case

914
00:40:00,390 --> 00:39:58,880
of the first

915
00:40:03,910 --> 00:40:00,400
animal

916
00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:14,950
lucas

917
00:40:19,270 --> 00:40:17,349
we all love a good detective story

918
00:40:21,990 --> 00:40:19,280
because detectives ask the most

919
00:40:23,910 --> 00:40:22,000
intriguing questions who did it who

920
00:40:25,069 --> 00:40:23,920
committed the murder who stole the

921
00:40:27,270 --> 00:40:25,079
jewels

922
00:40:29,030 --> 00:40:27,280
paleontologists which are scientists

923
00:40:31,030 --> 00:40:29,040
that study fossils

924
00:40:32,150 --> 00:40:31,040
ask many of the same detective-like

925
00:40:33,670 --> 00:40:32,160
questions

926
00:40:35,190 --> 00:40:33,680
how did this animal which is now a

927
00:40:36,630 --> 00:40:35,200
fossil die

928
00:40:38,710 --> 00:40:36,640
how did it live

929
00:40:41,510 --> 00:40:38,720
one big problem paleontologists face

930
00:40:43,430 --> 00:40:41,520
however is their fossils or their crime

931
00:40:44,950 --> 00:40:43,440
scenes have sometimes been left out in

932
00:40:46,710 --> 00:40:44,960
the heat and rain for millions and

933
00:40:48,309 --> 00:40:46,720
millions of years

934
00:40:49,270 --> 00:40:48,319
this can make mystery solving a little

935
00:40:51,510 --> 00:40:49,280
difficult

936
00:40:53,510 --> 00:40:51,520
but what if we could go back in time to

937
00:40:55,190 --> 00:40:53,520
the scene of the crime to see these

938
00:40:57,109 --> 00:40:55,200
animals that they once were

939
00:40:59,510 --> 00:40:57,119
well lucky for us

940
00:41:01,270 --> 00:40:59,520
i'm a time traveling detective

941
00:41:04,230 --> 00:41:01,280
and we can use my magical time machine

942
00:41:05,910 --> 00:41:04,240
to go back and on this trip solve one of

943
00:41:08,390 --> 00:41:05,920
the greatest fossil mysteries of all

944
00:41:10,870 --> 00:41:08,400
time that is what was the first animal

945
00:41:13,270 --> 00:41:10,880
to ever move so why waste any time let's

946
00:41:17,910 --> 00:41:13,280
get going back to the jurassic period

947
00:41:22,230 --> 00:41:20,230
step out what do we see well dinosaurs

948
00:41:24,390 --> 00:41:22,240
of course they're everywhere look

949
00:41:26,790 --> 00:41:24,400
there's a massive stegosaurus lumbering

950
00:41:29,190 --> 00:41:26,800
along dinosaurs all around all of them

951
00:41:30,230 --> 00:41:29,200
moving but is this the first animal

952
00:41:31,109 --> 00:41:30,240
movement

953
00:41:32,710 --> 00:41:31,119
no

954
00:41:34,550 --> 00:41:32,720
life spans the past three and a half

955
00:41:36,069 --> 00:41:34,560
billion years of the earth's history we

956
00:41:38,069 --> 00:41:36,079
have to go way back to see the first

957
00:41:39,349 --> 00:41:38,079
animal movement so back into the time

958
00:41:41,510 --> 00:41:39,359
machine

959
00:41:44,470 --> 00:41:41,520
an additional 400 million years into the

960
00:41:48,790 --> 00:41:46,470
step out and where are we we're in the

961
00:41:51,510 --> 00:41:48,800
ediacaran period of geologic time there

962
00:41:53,589 --> 00:41:51,520
are no land plants no land animals but

963
00:41:56,630 --> 00:41:53,599
if we swim out beneath the waves we see

964
00:41:58,150 --> 00:41:56,640
a gorgeous scene a garden of alien-like

965
00:41:59,270 --> 00:41:58,160
life-forms that we can see with the

966
00:42:01,270 --> 00:41:59,280
naked eye

967
00:42:03,829 --> 00:42:01,280
for the first three billion years of the

968
00:42:05,750 --> 00:42:03,839
history of life life was microscopic you

969
00:42:07,349 --> 00:42:05,760
couldn't see it but now we can see

970
00:42:08,950 --> 00:42:07,359
things with naked eye

971
00:42:11,270 --> 00:42:08,960
first glance everything we see is

972
00:42:13,349 --> 00:42:11,280
stationary nothing's moving

973
00:42:15,270 --> 00:42:13,359
but wait what's that there's a tiny

974
00:42:17,109 --> 00:42:15,280
little worm moving through the sand

975
00:42:18,390 --> 00:42:17,119
pushing aside grains that are almost as

976
00:42:20,710 --> 00:42:18,400
big as he is

977
00:42:23,109 --> 00:42:20,720
this is the first animal movement while

978
00:42:25,349 --> 00:42:23,119
small this worm has huge implications

979
00:42:27,589 --> 00:42:25,359
for all life that's because this worm is

980
00:42:29,270 --> 00:42:27,599
a biliterion a bilaterian is an animal

981
00:42:31,430 --> 00:42:29,280
with bilateral symmetry up and down the

982
00:42:34,550 --> 00:42:31,440
midline as well as the through going gut

983
00:42:36,870 --> 00:42:34,560
like you me dinosaurs mosquitoes

984
00:42:38,950 --> 00:42:36,880
what bilaterans also have is a body

985
00:42:40,950 --> 00:42:38,960
cavity and this is the key feature

986
00:42:42,069 --> 00:42:40,960
enabling this bilaterian to move through

987
00:42:43,910 --> 00:42:42,079
the sand

988
00:42:47,030 --> 00:42:43,920
so really this little guy is all a

989
00:42:48,710 --> 00:42:47,040
spilotarians in one remarkable i'd say

990
00:42:50,630 --> 00:42:48,720
that until we discover an even older

991
00:42:52,950 --> 00:42:50,640
moving animal we've solved the mystery

992
00:42:53,990 --> 00:42:52,960
of the first animal movement

993
00:42:57,270 --> 00:42:54,000
so

994
00:42:59,430 --> 00:42:57,280
could move

995
00:43:01,750 --> 00:42:59,440
but what's even more singular

996
00:43:04,230 --> 00:43:01,760
is that this worm is part of the dawn of

997
00:43:04,950 --> 00:43:04,240
complex life on this planet

998
00:43:06,550 --> 00:43:04,960
so

999
00:43:08,790 --> 00:43:06,560
because we've already run this early

1000
00:43:10,790 --> 00:43:08,800
evolutionary experiment here on earth it

1001
00:43:12,550 --> 00:43:10,800
gives us a framework or a search image

1002
00:43:14,069 --> 00:43:12,560
for how life might evolve on a distant

1003
00:43:16,309 --> 00:43:14,079
exoplanet

1004
00:43:17,670 --> 00:43:16,319
and life on another planet well that

1005
00:43:26,230 --> 00:43:17,680
sounds to me like a mystery worth

1006
00:43:31,349 --> 00:43:29,030
thank you joel judges

1007
00:43:33,349 --> 00:43:31,359
very nice lucas and and you know always

1008
00:43:35,750 --> 00:43:33,359
great when you can use props to uh to

1009
00:43:37,430 --> 00:43:35,760
reinforce your case um

1010
00:43:39,349 --> 00:43:37,440
so

1011
00:43:42,309 --> 00:43:39,359
you get up and you're and you you're

1012
00:43:44,230 --> 00:43:42,319
talking to a group of of

1013
00:43:45,589 --> 00:43:44,240
sixth graders yes i mean science

1014
00:43:47,349 --> 00:43:45,599
communication you know is often about

1015
00:43:49,589 --> 00:43:47,359
getting them young

1016
00:43:52,150 --> 00:43:49,599
do you can you maintain that level of

1017
00:43:53,589 --> 00:43:52,160
energy the whole time or do you

1018
00:43:56,230 --> 00:43:53,599
i don't know i'm not as young as i used

1019
00:43:59,270 --> 00:43:57,829
well excellent and and i and i

1020
00:44:00,710 --> 00:43:59,280
particularly like your use of sound

1021
00:44:02,470 --> 00:44:00,720
effects because i'm convinced that's

1022
00:44:04,710 --> 00:44:02,480
exact sound that a time machine would

1023
00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:04,720
make uh if you were to go back in time

1024
00:44:09,270 --> 00:44:06,880
so very nice

1025
00:44:10,950 --> 00:44:09,280
great job lucas thank you i have two

1026
00:44:12,710 --> 00:44:10,960
quick questions uh who's your favorite

1027
00:44:15,750 --> 00:44:12,720
detective and if you could choose a

1028
00:44:17,430 --> 00:44:15,760
planet to go on your own mission to look

1029
00:44:19,990 --> 00:44:17,440
for life there what would you choose

1030
00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:20,000
planet or planetary body

1031
00:44:24,230 --> 00:44:22,800
my favorite detective

1032
00:44:25,349 --> 00:44:24,240
um

1033
00:44:27,349 --> 00:44:25,359
well

1034
00:44:28,870 --> 00:44:27,359
i have to pay homage to sherlock holmes

1035
00:44:32,550 --> 00:44:28,880
i never said his name while i was up

1036
00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:34,230
if he had been

1037
00:44:38,710 --> 00:44:36,400
a scientist he was a scientist but if he

1038
00:44:39,990 --> 00:44:38,720
had been one that we in the way we think

1039
00:44:44,950 --> 00:44:40,000
of it he would have been a

1040
00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:47,510
that was great um

1041
00:44:52,069 --> 00:44:49,200
this is sort of a nerdy question maybe

1042
00:44:54,870 --> 00:44:52,079
but what about the little um

1043
00:44:57,270 --> 00:44:54,880
bacteria with cilia that swim around um

1044
00:44:59,349 --> 00:44:57,280
why why aren't they the first uh

1045
00:45:00,790 --> 00:44:59,359
animal movement so this is the first

1046
00:45:02,069 --> 00:45:00,800
animal movement

1047
00:45:07,270 --> 00:45:02,079
so they're cells they don't count as

1048
00:45:19,030 --> 00:45:10,150
it was thank you thanks a lot

1049
00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:22,390
our next

1050
00:45:27,390 --> 00:45:26,069
contestant is on the fam lab staged

1051
00:45:29,510 --> 00:45:27,400
coming up

1052
00:45:33,750 --> 00:45:29,520
astrophysicist brendan mullen i'll be

1053
00:45:39,670 --> 00:45:36,630
brendan wants to know

1054
00:45:42,069 --> 00:45:39,680
where are the aliens

1055
00:45:55,270 --> 00:45:42,079
where's brendan i'm right here i want to

1056
00:45:58,470 --> 00:45:56,710
i haven't sold it yet in case you're

1057
00:46:00,550 --> 00:45:58,480
wondering

1058
00:46:02,630 --> 00:46:00,560
which is weird because you know this is

1059
00:46:05,589 --> 00:46:02,640
prime real estate here

1060
00:46:07,030 --> 00:46:05,599
we're on a planet rich in liquid water

1061
00:46:09,349 --> 00:46:07,040
and breathable air

1062
00:46:11,430 --> 00:46:09,359
at just the right distance from the sun

1063
00:46:13,430 --> 00:46:11,440
we've got an asteroid belt right in our

1064
00:46:15,430 --> 00:46:13,440
backyard full of plenty of raw materials

1065
00:46:18,150 --> 00:46:15,440
for building spaceships or silver

1066
00:46:19,829 --> 00:46:18,160
jumpsuits or whatever aliens do

1067
00:46:21,829 --> 00:46:19,839
it just it doesn't make sense you know

1068
00:46:23,829 --> 00:46:21,839
like i should be swarmed with potential

1069
00:46:26,550 --> 00:46:23,839
buyers now because you know it's not

1070
00:46:28,470 --> 00:46:26,560
that hard to travel between the stars

1071
00:46:30,550 --> 00:46:28,480
seriously i mean we could do it if we

1072
00:46:33,670 --> 00:46:30,560
really wanted to in just a few

1073
00:46:35,670 --> 00:46:33,680
generations time ambition and innovation

1074
00:46:38,150 --> 00:46:35,680
we could propel astronauts out of the

1075
00:46:39,109 --> 00:46:38,160
solar system at a tenth of the speed of

1076
00:46:40,309 --> 00:46:39,119
light

1077
00:46:42,470 --> 00:46:40,319
if that were you

1078
00:46:44,630 --> 00:46:42,480
now you would be halfway to the moon by

1079
00:46:46,069 --> 00:46:44,640
the time i finish the sentence

1080
00:46:48,069 --> 00:46:46,079
it's fast

1081
00:46:50,309 --> 00:46:48,079
in decades a century of travel the

1082
00:46:52,630 --> 00:46:50,319
nearest stars and the planets that orbit

1083
00:46:54,950 --> 00:46:52,640
around them would be yours or your

1084
00:46:56,630 --> 00:46:54,960
descendants more likely after settling

1085
00:46:58,630 --> 00:46:56,640
down for a while they could send out

1086
00:47:00,150 --> 00:46:58,640
their own pioneers and reach more

1087
00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:00,160
distant stars

1088
00:47:04,550 --> 00:47:02,640
and over time waves of our interstellar

1089
00:47:06,950 --> 00:47:04,560
voyagers would cascade across the

1090
00:47:09,349 --> 00:47:06,960
fertile worlds of the cosmos

1091
00:47:10,390 --> 00:47:09,359
and if we can do that so could someone

1092
00:47:12,390 --> 00:47:10,400
else right

1093
00:47:14,710 --> 00:47:12,400
well starting from just about anywhere

1094
00:47:17,510 --> 00:47:14,720
you can see in the night sky another

1095
00:47:18,870 --> 00:47:17,520
civilization could leapfrog star to star

1096
00:47:22,710 --> 00:47:18,880
just like this and wind up on her

1097
00:47:24,710 --> 00:47:22,720
doorstep after a 100 million years tops

1098
00:47:26,390 --> 00:47:24,720
i know what you're thinking oh brenden

1099
00:47:28,390 --> 00:47:26,400
you're far too handsome to wait around

1100
00:47:30,309 --> 00:47:28,400
that long

1101
00:47:31,829 --> 00:47:30,319
you flatters no

1102
00:47:33,510 --> 00:47:31,839
i wasn't gonna plan to wait around that

1103
00:47:34,950 --> 00:47:33,520
long now they've had plenty of time to

1104
00:47:36,470 --> 00:47:34,960
show up already

1105
00:47:38,309 --> 00:47:36,480
why our earth has been around long

1106
00:47:40,710 --> 00:47:38,319
enough that if aliens arrived every

1107
00:47:44,069 --> 00:47:40,720
hundred million years we would have been

1108
00:47:45,910 --> 00:47:44,079
visited dozens of times by now

1109
00:47:47,349 --> 00:47:45,920
no aliens and

1110
00:47:49,349 --> 00:47:47,359
no sale for me

1111
00:47:51,270 --> 00:47:49,359
no no one has set foot anywhere near our

1112
00:47:53,670 --> 00:47:51,280
solar system despite what you might have

1113
00:47:55,270 --> 00:47:53,680
seen on the history channel

1114
00:47:57,829 --> 00:47:55,280
and we can't be the first civilization

1115
00:48:00,950 --> 00:47:57,839
either now over the last 13 billion

1116
00:48:03,829 --> 00:48:00,960
years more stars have formed in our

1117
00:48:05,589 --> 00:48:03,839
local cosmic neighborhood the milky way

1118
00:48:08,069 --> 00:48:05,599
than the total number of people who have

1119
00:48:10,390 --> 00:48:08,079
ever existed on our planet

1120
00:48:11,990 --> 00:48:10,400
even if just a millionth

1121
00:48:14,390 --> 00:48:12,000
of one percent

1122
00:48:16,710 --> 00:48:14,400
of those stars have had worlds around

1123
00:48:19,510 --> 00:48:16,720
them at one point like ours and could

1124
00:48:22,069 --> 00:48:19,520
support a civilization like ours

1125
00:48:23,750 --> 00:48:22,079
that's still over a thousand alien

1126
00:48:25,589 --> 00:48:23,760
species

1127
00:48:27,990 --> 00:48:25,599
and it only takes one

1128
00:48:29,109 --> 00:48:28,000
to conquer the stars

1129
00:48:32,309 --> 00:48:29,119
so

1130
00:48:34,390 --> 00:48:32,319
this should have been easy money

1131
00:48:44,470 --> 00:48:34,400
but where is everybody

1132
00:48:48,870 --> 00:48:46,230
thank you brendan that was wonderful i

1133
00:48:50,230 --> 00:48:48,880
really like your use of numbers my head

1134
00:48:51,990 --> 00:48:50,240
is spinning

1135
00:48:53,589 --> 00:48:52,000
but this is an important topic which

1136
00:48:55,670 --> 00:48:53,599
kate addressed in a very different way

1137
00:48:57,990 --> 00:48:55,680
from a different angle and i thank you

1138
00:48:59,190 --> 00:48:58,000
for it

1139
00:49:00,069 --> 00:48:59,200
you know actually i'd like to hear you

1140
00:49:01,270 --> 00:49:00,079
explain something because i think it's

1141
00:49:03,109 --> 00:49:01,280
an interesting concept that i never

1142
00:49:04,549 --> 00:49:03,119
quite grasp when i when everybody talks

1143
00:49:06,549 --> 00:49:04,559
about well where are the aliens it's the

1144
00:49:08,470 --> 00:49:06,559
idea that well they may be out there but

1145
00:49:09,670 --> 00:49:08,480
our timeline may not

1146
00:49:10,790 --> 00:49:09,680
line up

1147
00:49:12,390 --> 00:49:10,800
that

1148
00:49:14,790 --> 00:49:12,400
you know the the

1149
00:49:16,710 --> 00:49:14,800
how am i describing this that that the

1150
00:49:17,589 --> 00:49:16,720
civilizations may be millions of years

1151
00:49:19,270 --> 00:49:17,599
off

1152
00:49:21,270 --> 00:49:19,280
that's true but if they're millions of

1153
00:49:22,870 --> 00:49:21,280
years off they'll have time to show up

1154
00:49:24,390 --> 00:49:22,880
here of course then that raises the

1155
00:49:26,390 --> 00:49:24,400
problem like you know

1156
00:49:28,549 --> 00:49:26,400
equivalently what kind of conversation

1157
00:49:31,190 --> 00:49:28,559
would we have with ants you know so

1158
00:49:33,430 --> 00:49:31,200
that's one possible solution to this but

1159
00:49:35,750 --> 00:49:33,440
i mean ultimately from the astrophysical

1160
00:49:37,829 --> 00:49:35,760
side of things which is what i study um

1161
00:49:39,990 --> 00:49:37,839
the universe ladies and gentlemen wants

1162
00:49:42,309 --> 00:49:40,000
to kill you but luckily for us it does a

1163
00:49:45,109 --> 00:49:42,319
really terrible job at it and it only

1164
00:49:47,349 --> 00:49:45,119
lobs something terrible at us every 50

1165
00:49:49,750 --> 00:49:47,359
or a couple hundred million years or so

1166
00:49:51,829 --> 00:49:49,760
things like asteroids wayward comets and

1167
00:49:53,990 --> 00:49:51,839
the occasional gamma-ray bursts stellar

1168
00:49:55,589 --> 00:49:54,000
explosion that beams its radiation in

1169
00:49:57,349 --> 00:49:55,599
our direction

1170
00:49:58,390 --> 00:49:57,359
so the idea here is that you know if

1171
00:50:00,470 --> 00:49:58,400
everyone

1172
00:50:01,910 --> 00:50:00,480
experiences these things then we should

1173
00:50:03,829 --> 00:50:01,920
all be about the same level and that's

1174
00:50:05,750 --> 00:50:03,839
one possible solution

1175
00:50:07,510 --> 00:50:05,760
so we could all be

1176
00:50:08,950 --> 00:50:07,520
all of our civilizations and our galaxy

1177
00:50:11,750 --> 00:50:08,960
could all just be staring out the night

1178
00:50:15,109 --> 00:50:11,760
sky being like hello where is everybody

1179
00:50:19,270 --> 00:50:17,270
so what is your favorite answer then to

1180
00:50:22,390 --> 00:50:19,280
this this question

1181
00:50:24,069 --> 00:50:22,400
i would say it's um 75 of what i just

1182
00:50:26,549 --> 00:50:24,079
said about all the universe trying to

1183
00:50:28,309 --> 00:50:26,559
kill you and all that and i would throw

1184
00:50:30,150 --> 00:50:28,319
in a little dash of

1185
00:50:31,190 --> 00:50:30,160
sustainability with that

1186
00:50:33,430 --> 00:50:31,200
because

1187
00:50:36,069 --> 00:50:33,440
you know it requires a lot of energy and

1188
00:50:38,150 --> 00:50:36,079
i think on the order of a gnp to

1189
00:50:40,230 --> 00:50:38,160
actually get the resources together to

1190
00:50:42,150 --> 00:50:40,240
shove some people off into space so i

1191
00:50:44,230 --> 00:50:42,160
mean we like to just look at pictures of

1192
00:50:47,750 --> 00:50:44,240
cats on the internet all day why doesn't

1193
00:50:47,760 --> 00:50:59,990
all right thank you

1194
00:51:04,230 --> 00:51:01,030
okay

1195
00:51:06,630 --> 00:51:04,240
i'm going to get this one right

1196
00:51:09,750 --> 00:51:06,640
our next speaker

1197
00:51:12,230 --> 00:51:09,760
is liz persec

1198
00:51:22,950 --> 00:51:13,190
yes

1199
00:51:29,670 --> 00:51:26,190
the earth is old really old

1200
00:51:31,589 --> 00:51:29,680
4.5 billion years old

1201
00:51:34,950 --> 00:51:31,599
now can you guys easily get your head

1202
00:51:38,470 --> 00:51:34,960
around exactly how long that is

1203
00:51:40,309 --> 00:51:38,480
i can't and i'm a geologist

1204
00:51:42,790 --> 00:51:40,319
the thing is though by understanding

1205
00:51:45,670 --> 00:51:42,800
these billions and billions of years

1206
00:51:47,750 --> 00:51:45,680
this deep time or geologic time

1207
00:51:49,670 --> 00:51:47,760
we get the sense of how the earth came

1208
00:51:51,910 --> 00:51:49,680
to be the way it is today

1209
00:51:53,829 --> 00:51:51,920
how life has been able to evolve and

1210
00:51:56,230 --> 00:51:53,839
thrive on this planet

1211
00:51:59,190 --> 00:51:56,240
so to demonstrate this i bet i brought

1212
00:52:00,870 --> 00:51:59,200
the best prop i could think of

1213
00:52:03,190 --> 00:52:00,880
myself

1214
00:52:04,790 --> 00:52:03,200
you see i'm five foot ten inches tall

1215
00:52:06,950 --> 00:52:04,800
that means if we were to represent the

1216
00:52:10,069 --> 00:52:06,960
age of the earth in my height

1217
00:52:11,910 --> 00:52:10,079
one inch would be 65 million years that

1218
00:52:15,349 --> 00:52:11,920
means all the way down here at the soles

1219
00:52:17,589 --> 00:52:15,359
of my feet 4.5 billion years ago

1220
00:52:18,950 --> 00:52:17,599
the earth is forming from a planetary

1221
00:52:20,710 --> 00:52:18,960
nebula

1222
00:52:23,109 --> 00:52:20,720
we see the first life on earth about a

1223
00:52:25,510 --> 00:52:23,119
billion years later up here beneath my

1224
00:52:28,390 --> 00:52:25,520
knees these are single-celled

1225
00:52:29,510 --> 00:52:28,400
organisms called bacteria or germs as we

1226
00:52:31,349 --> 00:52:29,520
know them

1227
00:52:33,349 --> 00:52:31,359
and these are what i study

1228
00:52:35,670 --> 00:52:33,359
about a billion years later we see a

1229
00:52:37,670 --> 00:52:35,680
buildup of oxygen on the planet

1230
00:52:39,910 --> 00:52:37,680
the oxygen you and i breathe today is

1231
00:52:41,750 --> 00:52:39,920
thanks to these bacteria

1232
00:52:43,510 --> 00:52:41,760
that allowed for more advanced life

1233
00:52:45,430 --> 00:52:43,520
things like algae things called

1234
00:52:47,430 --> 00:52:45,440
eukaryotes to evolve

1235
00:52:49,510 --> 00:52:47,440
and those eukaryotes dominated the

1236
00:52:51,829 --> 00:52:49,520
planet to my chin

1237
00:52:54,470 --> 00:52:51,839
for billions of years all life on earth

1238
00:52:56,470 --> 00:52:54,480
was too small to see with the naked eye

1239
00:52:59,030 --> 00:52:56,480
at my chin as we learned about earlier

1240
00:53:01,750 --> 00:52:59,040
you get an explosion of life things like

1241
00:53:04,470 --> 00:53:01,760
starfish and worms it my nose are the

1242
00:53:06,549 --> 00:53:04,480
earliest ancestors to the dinosaurs

1243
00:53:08,790 --> 00:53:06,559
which sadly die out about an inch from

1244
00:53:11,030 --> 00:53:08,800
the top of my head

1245
00:53:13,829 --> 00:53:11,040
so where does that leave us as humans

1246
00:53:16,069 --> 00:53:13,839
where do we fit in well using my time

1247
00:53:17,829 --> 00:53:16,079
scale our earliest ancestors which were

1248
00:53:19,109 --> 00:53:17,839
about half a million years ago they

1249
00:53:21,430 --> 00:53:19,119
diverged

1250
00:53:22,870 --> 00:53:21,440
you can summarize humanity as

1251
00:53:25,190 --> 00:53:22,880
a single hair

1252
00:53:27,030 --> 00:53:25,200
on the top of my head

1253
00:53:30,470 --> 00:53:27,040
so think about that next time you pull

1254
00:53:33,349 --> 00:53:30,480
that stray hair off your shirt

1255
00:53:36,630 --> 00:53:33,359
that flimsy hair represents all of

1256
00:53:40,950 --> 00:53:38,950
and that is why understanding geologic

1257
00:53:43,270 --> 00:53:40,960
time is so crucial

1258
00:53:45,349 --> 00:53:43,280
because by knowing how the planet came

1259
00:53:46,710 --> 00:53:45,359
to be the way it did today how we came

1260
00:53:49,430 --> 00:53:46,720
to be here

1261
00:53:50,790 --> 00:53:49,440
we know what to look for in the universe

1262
00:53:52,390 --> 00:53:50,800
and so i leave you with this thought

1263
00:53:55,030 --> 00:53:52,400
about the universe

1264
00:53:58,230 --> 00:53:55,040
it's about 14 billion years old or in my

1265
00:54:00,470 --> 00:53:58,240
time scale 18 feet tall

1266
00:54:02,309 --> 00:54:00,480
so i would be standing on the shoulders

1267
00:54:04,549 --> 00:54:02,319
of a liz who was standing on the

1268
00:54:07,190 --> 00:54:04,559
shoulders of another liz

1269
00:54:08,870 --> 00:54:07,200
so if life on earth began here and gave

1270
00:54:11,109 --> 00:54:08,880
us humans

1271
00:54:12,870 --> 00:54:11,119
what might life look like on a planet

1272
00:54:14,549 --> 00:54:12,880
where life began

1273
00:54:28,790 --> 00:54:14,559
eight feet

1274
00:54:33,270 --> 00:54:30,549
i like your big sigh of relief there at

1275
00:54:35,190 --> 00:54:33,280
the end there liz um you know i i i a

1276
00:54:36,549 --> 00:54:35,200
great comment you know one of the things

1277
00:54:39,190 --> 00:54:36,559
that in television that we do is we

1278
00:54:40,549 --> 00:54:39,200
reinterpret all the time and i think one

1279
00:54:41,750 --> 00:54:40,559
of the things you did really well is you

1280
00:54:43,750 --> 00:54:41,760
took a concept that we've seen

1281
00:54:45,829 --> 00:54:43,760
demonstrated other times before sagan

1282
00:54:47,030 --> 00:54:45,839
did it famously with the cosmic clock is

1283
00:54:47,750 --> 00:54:47,040
that what he called

1284
00:54:50,630 --> 00:54:47,760
and

1285
00:54:51,990 --> 00:54:50,640
by putting it in in terms of you you

1286
00:54:53,510 --> 00:54:52,000
reinterpret it for all of us so it's

1287
00:54:54,710 --> 00:54:53,520
always nice to see someone take

1288
00:54:56,549 --> 00:54:54,720
something that's been done before and do

1289
00:54:58,950 --> 00:54:56,559
it in a really good and new way so that

1290
00:55:01,190 --> 00:54:58,960
was great so thanks a lot and i did this

1291
00:55:03,750 --> 00:55:01,200
because i figured you guys all have the

1292
00:55:05,349 --> 00:55:03,760
same prop you can use

1293
00:55:07,109 --> 00:55:05,359
no this is key so when you're sitting on

1294
00:55:08,230 --> 00:55:07,119
the airplane flying back to wherever

1295
00:55:10,710 --> 00:55:08,240
you're from when i head back to

1296
00:55:11,510 --> 00:55:10,720
wisconsin go badgers

1297
00:55:13,510 --> 00:55:11,520
um

1298
00:55:14,549 --> 00:55:13,520
you guys can explain this and you can

1299
00:55:16,950 --> 00:55:14,559
say you know

1300
00:55:18,230 --> 00:55:16,960
we humans we're not everything we're one

1301
00:55:20,470 --> 00:55:18,240
hair

1302
00:55:21,910 --> 00:55:20,480
i think that's important

1303
00:55:23,349 --> 00:55:21,920
took the words out of my mouth liz i was

1304
00:55:26,069 --> 00:55:23,359
going to compliment you on a use of a

1305
00:55:28,870 --> 00:55:26,079
prop we all have i have the big chart on

1306
00:55:29,670 --> 00:55:28,880
my wall to show you know geologic time

1307
00:55:31,910 --> 00:55:29,680
but

1308
00:55:33,510 --> 00:55:31,920
using your body as your ruler is it's

1309
00:55:35,030 --> 00:55:33,520
much more meaningful i think thank you

1310
00:55:37,349 --> 00:55:35,040
very much

1311
00:55:40,309 --> 00:55:37,359
yeah that was really great um so so how

1312
00:55:42,390 --> 00:55:40,319
much um how much higher above your head

1313
00:55:45,190 --> 00:55:42,400
do you think life on earth might might

1314
00:55:50,950 --> 00:55:47,270
i would love to have another liz

1315
00:55:54,549 --> 00:55:52,549
i think that it's

1316
00:55:56,230 --> 00:55:54,559
a really good thing to keep into account

1317
00:55:58,150 --> 00:55:56,240
though and there was some talk earlier

1318
00:55:59,430 --> 00:55:58,160
just about sustainability and how we're

1319
00:56:01,910 --> 00:55:59,440
doing this and

1320
00:56:03,589 --> 00:56:01,920
by understanding that we're that hair it

1321
00:56:05,510 --> 00:56:03,599
really gives us a sense of what it might

1322
00:56:07,430 --> 00:56:05,520
take to even see

1323
00:56:09,109 --> 00:56:07,440
us survive another inch on top of my

1324
00:56:11,990 --> 00:56:09,119
head

1325
00:56:17,270 --> 00:56:12,000
i guess we will find out huh

1326
00:56:17,280 --> 00:56:21,430
thank you liz

1327
00:56:21,440 --> 00:56:24,150
wow

1328
00:56:24,160 --> 00:56:26,470
ah

1329
00:56:31,750 --> 00:56:30,390
i get to a second chance at this one

1330
00:56:36,870 --> 00:56:31,760
because i

1331
00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:43,030
au maui

1332
00:56:47,270 --> 00:56:45,349
gosh omawa

1333
00:56:48,789 --> 00:56:47,280
is an astronomer

1334
00:56:51,349 --> 00:56:48,799
and she's going to deliver a

1335
00:56:56,549 --> 00:56:51,359
presentation entitled

1336
00:56:56,559 --> 00:57:03,670
you go girl

1337
00:57:07,990 --> 00:57:06,789
14 years ago i left a career in

1338
00:57:10,069 --> 00:57:08,000
astronomy

1339
00:57:11,670 --> 00:57:10,079
because i thought there was only one way

1340
00:57:13,510 --> 00:57:11,680
to be a scientist

1341
00:57:17,190 --> 00:57:13,520
there was only one kind of person who

1342
00:57:19,670 --> 00:57:17,200
could be a scientist and it wasn't me

1343
00:57:21,190 --> 00:57:19,680
today i know there is not only one way

1344
00:57:23,030 --> 00:57:21,200
to be a scientist

1345
00:57:24,789 --> 00:57:23,040
just like as a researcher i've

1346
00:57:27,829 --> 00:57:24,799
discovered that ice

1347
00:57:30,150 --> 00:57:27,839
doesn't behave in only one way

1348
00:57:32,950 --> 00:57:30,160
say there's a planet orbiting the sun

1349
00:57:35,030 --> 00:57:32,960
with some bright white ice at the poles

1350
00:57:37,910 --> 00:57:35,040
most of the sun's light is light that we

1351
00:57:40,230 --> 00:57:37,920
can see with our eyes visible light

1352
00:57:42,950 --> 00:57:40,240
ice on that planet is going to act like

1353
00:57:45,030 --> 00:57:42,960
this white shirt and reflect most of the

1354
00:57:47,349 --> 00:57:45,040
visible light that hits it

1355
00:57:49,349 --> 00:57:47,359
if that ice could talk it would say

1356
00:57:50,150 --> 00:57:49,359
something like this to the sun's visible

1357
00:57:52,829 --> 00:57:50,160
light

1358
00:57:56,069 --> 00:57:52,839
okay thanks but like no

1359
00:57:58,630 --> 00:57:56,079
thanks like light is energy and energy

1360
00:58:00,549 --> 00:57:58,640
can heat so like i'm going to take a

1361
00:58:01,829 --> 00:58:00,559
little of your light and give you the

1362
00:58:05,430 --> 00:58:01,839
rest back

1363
00:58:07,349 --> 00:58:05,440
like i don't want to melt i want to grow

1364
00:58:08,470 --> 00:58:07,359
and the more light that ice reflects

1365
00:58:10,950 --> 00:58:08,480
back to space

1366
00:58:13,990 --> 00:58:10,960
the less light it absorbs the colder the

1367
00:58:16,309 --> 00:58:14,000
planet gets the more ice forms

1368
00:58:18,230 --> 00:58:16,319
my research has shown that without any

1369
00:58:20,710 --> 00:58:18,240
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to

1370
00:58:22,470 --> 00:58:20,720
keep the planet warm planets around

1371
00:58:23,270 --> 00:58:22,480
stars that are even brighter than the

1372
00:58:26,870 --> 00:58:23,280
sun

1373
00:58:29,109 --> 00:58:26,880
could become ice-covered snowballs

1374
00:58:31,510 --> 00:58:29,119
but see here's the thing ice doesn't

1375
00:58:33,910 --> 00:58:31,520
treat all types of light equally it

1376
00:58:35,910 --> 00:58:33,920
doesn't behave in only one way

1377
00:58:38,630 --> 00:58:35,920
let's take stars that are cooler than

1378
00:58:41,030 --> 00:58:38,640
the sun most of their light is infrared

1379
00:58:43,270 --> 00:58:41,040
light not visible light

1380
00:58:45,589 --> 00:58:43,280
ice on a planet orbiting a much cooler

1381
00:58:48,390 --> 00:58:45,599
star is going to act like these black

1382
00:58:50,470 --> 00:58:48,400
pants towards infrared light

1383
00:58:51,990 --> 00:58:50,480
if that ice could talk it would say

1384
00:58:54,710 --> 00:58:52,000
something a little different to its

1385
00:58:57,270 --> 00:58:54,720
stars infrared light it would say

1386
00:59:02,309 --> 00:58:57,280
come on in baby

1387
00:59:04,710 --> 00:59:02,319
i want you i need you i have to have you

1388
00:59:07,910 --> 00:59:04,720
don't worry baby i'm not gonna reject

1389
00:59:09,030 --> 00:59:07,920
you and reflect you i'm going to absorb

1390
00:59:15,349 --> 00:59:09,040
you

1391
00:59:17,990 --> 00:59:15,359
and the more light that ice absorbs the

1392
00:59:20,710 --> 00:59:18,000
warmer that planet gets remember light

1393
00:59:22,870 --> 00:59:20,720
is energy and energy heats the warmer

1394
00:59:24,309 --> 00:59:22,880
that planet gets what's going to happen

1395
00:59:26,069 --> 00:59:24,319
to that ice

1396
00:59:27,990 --> 00:59:26,079
it's going to melt

1397
00:59:30,549 --> 00:59:28,000
so what this means is that we may not

1398
00:59:33,589 --> 00:59:30,559
see much in the way of ice on planets

1399
00:59:35,670 --> 00:59:33,599
orbiting cooler stars and smaller cooler

1400
00:59:38,230 --> 00:59:35,680
stars are most of the stars in the

1401
00:59:41,349 --> 00:59:38,240
universe so our planet with its bright

1402
00:59:43,270 --> 00:59:41,359
polar caps could be pretty rare

1403
00:59:45,829 --> 00:59:43,280
but as i've found in my life there are

1404
00:59:47,910 --> 00:59:45,839
many ways to be a scientist so there are

1405
00:59:51,510 --> 00:59:47,920
likely many ways to make a

1406
00:59:54,789 --> 00:59:51,520
life-sustaining planet ice or no ice

1407
00:59:56,950 --> 00:59:54,799
in science and in life there are always

1408
01:00:05,750 --> 00:59:56,960
many possible ways

1409
01:00:05,760 --> 01:00:09,510
judges

1410
01:00:12,470 --> 01:00:11,030
that was great i think i think we're

1411
01:00:14,069 --> 01:00:12,480
seeing a theme here of people using

1412
01:00:15,670 --> 01:00:14,079
props that they don't have to carry on

1413
01:00:18,230 --> 01:00:15,680
to stage exactly

1414
01:00:20,870 --> 01:00:18,240
so much easier in the suitcase yeah um

1415
01:00:22,710 --> 01:00:20,880
so that was a really neat way to to

1416
01:00:24,230 --> 01:00:22,720
illustrate illustrate your point i have

1417
01:00:27,510 --> 01:00:24,240
a question about the planets around

1418
01:00:30,150 --> 01:00:27,520
those um those red dwarf stars wouldn't

1419
01:00:32,710 --> 01:00:30,160
they just uh or wouldn't those

1420
01:00:33,910 --> 01:00:32,720
stars just have planets farther out that

1421
01:00:35,829 --> 01:00:33,920
had ice

1422
01:00:38,230 --> 01:00:35,839
farther away from the stars so yes if

1423
01:00:40,230 --> 01:00:38,240
you get farther and so i'm assuming that

1424
01:00:42,710 --> 01:00:40,240
all of these planets are at the same

1425
01:00:44,309 --> 01:00:42,720
dist at the same at the distance from

1426
01:00:46,069 --> 01:00:44,319
their star where they receive the same

1427
01:00:47,910 --> 01:00:46,079
amount of flux from their star that

1428
01:00:49,190 --> 01:00:47,920
earth receives from the sun so we're

1429
01:00:50,950 --> 01:00:49,200
putting them all at the place where

1430
01:00:52,309 --> 01:00:50,960
they're in their habitable zone where

1431
01:00:54,789 --> 01:00:52,319
liquid water

1432
01:00:57,349 --> 01:00:54,799
could exist but yes if you could kick a

1433
01:01:00,069 --> 01:00:57,359
planet far enough away so that that flux

1434
01:01:03,030 --> 01:01:00,079
is way way less than you could make ice

1435
01:01:06,710 --> 01:01:04,950
that was a lovely job

1436
01:01:08,309 --> 01:01:06,720
thank you very much and i wanted to

1437
01:01:10,470 --> 01:01:08,319
compliment you and take take the

1438
01:01:12,230 --> 01:01:10,480
opportunity also to compliment everyone

1439
01:01:14,950 --> 01:01:12,240
thus far and i'm sure those who follow

1440
01:01:17,829 --> 01:01:14,960
you will do same to to use your body as

1441
01:01:19,589 --> 01:01:17,839
a prop and and to invite us all onto the

1442
01:01:22,230 --> 01:01:19,599
stage with you and get us to listen to

1443
01:01:24,390 --> 01:01:22,240
your talk about science by

1444
01:01:25,829 --> 01:01:24,400
just inviting us to look at you

1445
01:01:27,829 --> 01:01:25,839
and look at how comfortable you are and

1446
01:01:29,750 --> 01:01:27,839
how much fun you are and all of you have

1447
01:01:32,710 --> 01:01:29,760
done this and you've done it really well

1448
01:01:34,789 --> 01:01:32,720
i've seen all of you before if not live

1449
01:01:36,950 --> 01:01:34,799
at least in recording and that's so

1450
01:01:38,789 --> 01:01:36,960
important in communication it's a way of

1451
01:01:40,630 --> 01:01:38,799
making establishing a relationship with

1452
01:01:42,309 --> 01:01:40,640
your audience so you've done really well

1453
01:01:43,750 --> 01:01:42,319
there thank you

1454
01:01:47,510 --> 01:01:43,760
okay am i the only one in the room who

1455
01:01:52,069 --> 01:01:50,390
um no it's terrific um so question for

1456
01:01:55,270 --> 01:01:52,079
you back at the beginning you said you

1457
01:01:57,510 --> 01:01:55,280
left science for 14 years

1458
01:01:59,910 --> 01:01:57,520
what brought you back

1459
01:02:01,910 --> 01:01:59,920
i fell in love with astronomy again i

1460
01:02:04,470 --> 01:02:01,920
was tired of learning about the

1461
01:02:07,589 --> 01:02:04,480
astronomy breakthroughs on tv with

1462
01:02:08,789 --> 01:02:07,599
everyone else and i actually so i went

1463
01:02:10,230 --> 01:02:08,799
away and i

1464
01:02:12,549 --> 01:02:10,240
studied acting

1465
01:02:14,470 --> 01:02:12,559
um and

1466
01:02:15,750 --> 01:02:14,480
was like pulling staples out of paper

1467
01:02:17,829 --> 01:02:15,760
for a living and thought you know i

1468
01:02:18,950 --> 01:02:17,839
think i have a planetary science degree

1469
01:02:21,750 --> 01:02:18,960
i could probably get a better job than

1470
01:02:23,349 --> 01:02:21,760
that um so i actually got a job at

1471
01:02:25,510 --> 01:02:23,359
caltech working for the spitzer space

1472
01:02:27,029 --> 01:02:25,520
telescope just as a help desk operator

1473
01:02:28,710 --> 01:02:27,039
answering questions about the spitzer

1474
01:02:30,710 --> 01:02:28,720
space telescope and then i started to go

1475
01:02:32,630 --> 01:02:30,720
to science talks again and found that i

1476
01:02:35,190 --> 01:02:32,640
was really attracted to talks about

1477
01:02:36,470 --> 01:02:35,200
extrasolar planets um and i would go to

1478
01:02:38,309 --> 01:02:36,480
more and more talks and get more and

1479
01:02:41,430 --> 01:02:38,319
more interested and so my my interest

1480
01:02:44,069 --> 01:02:41,440
got reignited um and i thought you know

1481
01:02:46,390 --> 01:02:44,079
i became willing to go back and and get

1482
01:02:48,150 --> 01:02:46,400
that phd and stay this time

1483
01:02:49,750 --> 01:02:48,160
well congratulations that's great thank

1484
01:03:02,069 --> 01:02:49,760
you so much

1485
01:03:08,470 --> 01:03:04,630
so much

1486
01:03:12,150 --> 01:03:08,480
everybody you're so great all of you

1487
01:03:14,710 --> 01:03:12,160
and here comes another one so great

1488
01:03:17,029 --> 01:03:14,720
rebecca turk macleod

1489
01:03:19,670 --> 01:03:17,039
to the stage please

1490
01:03:22,230 --> 01:03:19,680
she's a molecular biologist

1491
01:03:23,829 --> 01:03:22,240
and she's going to tell you about

1492
01:03:25,510 --> 01:03:23,839
the rna

1493
01:03:34,069 --> 01:03:25,520
world

1494
01:03:38,150 --> 01:03:35,990
how did life

1495
01:03:41,109 --> 01:03:38,160
begin

1496
01:03:43,670 --> 01:03:41,119
no seriously does anybody know

1497
01:03:45,349 --> 01:03:43,680
i don't know the answer to that question

1498
01:03:47,589 --> 01:03:45,359
but it's something i'm really interested

1499
01:03:50,789 --> 01:03:47,599
in and i do have some ideas about what i

1500
01:03:54,309 --> 01:03:50,799
think might have happened

1501
01:03:57,430 --> 01:03:54,319
and i think it's based on very simple

1502
01:03:59,029 --> 01:03:57,440
principles and very basic chemical

1503
01:04:01,109 --> 01:03:59,039
compounds

1504
01:04:04,230 --> 01:04:01,119
the the problem is

1505
01:04:05,670 --> 01:04:04,240
that life is so complex

1506
01:04:07,190 --> 01:04:05,680
it's hard to

1507
01:04:09,430 --> 01:04:07,200
imagine how it could have come about

1508
01:04:10,630 --> 01:04:09,440
because it's so complex cells are very

1509
01:04:12,789 --> 01:04:10,640
complex they're made up of all these

1510
01:04:15,270 --> 01:04:12,799
different bits and pieces right there's

1511
01:04:17,829 --> 01:04:15,280
dna which is which is so important it's

1512
01:04:20,470 --> 01:04:17,839
the instruction manual for the cell it

1513
01:04:22,069 --> 01:04:20,480
it makes it so the cells can replicate

1514
01:04:23,990 --> 01:04:22,079
and you can make more cells so that's

1515
01:04:26,630 --> 01:04:24,000
very important on the other hand we have

1516
01:04:28,069 --> 01:04:26,640
proteins proteins are the workhorses of

1517
01:04:30,390 --> 01:04:28,079
the cell they

1518
01:04:31,990 --> 01:04:30,400
they catalyze reactions which just means

1519
01:04:33,029 --> 01:04:32,000
that they make things happen more

1520
01:04:35,910 --> 01:04:33,039
quickly than they would if they were

1521
01:04:38,309 --> 01:04:35,920
just floating around

1522
01:04:40,630 --> 01:04:38,319
now wouldn't it be cool if there is one

1523
01:04:41,910 --> 01:04:40,640
kind of molecule that could do both

1524
01:04:43,670 --> 01:04:41,920
those things

1525
01:04:46,069 --> 01:04:43,680
it turns out there is

1526
01:04:48,549 --> 01:04:46,079
and it's called rna

1527
01:04:51,510 --> 01:04:48,559
and rna as you might guess from its name

1528
01:04:52,789 --> 01:04:51,520
is kind of similar to dna

1529
01:04:57,670 --> 01:04:52,799
it's kind of like this piece of paper

1530
01:05:03,349 --> 01:05:00,309
but it also does something really cool

1531
01:05:05,750 --> 01:05:03,359
and that it folds itself

1532
01:05:08,470 --> 01:05:05,760
and forms structures

1533
01:05:10,549 --> 01:05:08,480
like this little bunny rabbit

1534
01:05:12,470 --> 01:05:10,559
and these structures can carry out

1535
01:05:18,470 --> 01:05:12,480
functions

1536
01:05:20,309 --> 01:05:18,480
now i'm not trying to say that rna is a

1537
01:05:22,549 --> 01:05:20,319
bunny rabbit or the the first life

1538
01:05:24,870 --> 01:05:22,559
looked like a bunny rabbit

1539
01:05:27,270 --> 01:05:24,880
what i'm trying to say is that now that

1540
01:05:28,309 --> 01:05:27,280
we know this it's not that hard to

1541
01:05:30,150 --> 01:05:28,319
envision

1542
01:05:32,710 --> 01:05:30,160
an rna world

1543
01:05:35,349 --> 01:05:32,720
in which all of the functions of life

1544
01:05:37,270 --> 01:05:35,359
were carried out by one kind of molecule

1545
01:05:38,710 --> 01:05:37,280
not all kinds all different kinds of

1546
01:05:41,270 --> 01:05:38,720
molecules

1547
01:05:42,630 --> 01:05:41,280
and if we can envision that happening

1548
01:05:43,670 --> 01:05:42,640
on earth

1549
01:05:48,309 --> 01:05:43,680
maybe

1550
01:05:57,589 --> 01:05:48,319
on other worlds right now

1551
01:06:01,990 --> 01:05:59,270
thank you rebecca that was really good

1552
01:06:04,549 --> 01:06:02,000
and i particularly appreciate your prop

1553
01:06:06,309 --> 01:06:04,559
to illustrate that structure can perform

1554
01:06:09,670 --> 01:06:06,319
function that was very nice i appreciate

1555
01:06:13,029 --> 01:06:11,190
so um

1556
01:06:16,069 --> 01:06:13,039
it's it's a really cool idea about the

1557
01:06:18,069 --> 01:06:16,079
origin of life how how could you test it

1558
01:06:20,950 --> 01:06:18,079
well we we have done a lot of work to

1559
01:06:24,309 --> 01:06:20,960
test uh what are the capabilities of rna

1560
01:06:25,829 --> 01:06:24,319
what kinds of reactions can it catalyze

1561
01:06:28,549 --> 01:06:25,839
and actually something that i've worked

1562
01:06:30,309 --> 01:06:28,559
on is um how did the first proteins then

1563
01:06:32,309 --> 01:06:30,319
come about you know after that happen

1564
01:06:35,029 --> 01:06:32,319
because obviously we needed proteins and

1565
01:06:37,029 --> 01:06:35,039
it turns out that rna can actually do

1566
01:06:39,510 --> 01:06:37,039
all of the reactions that are necessary

1567
01:06:41,510 --> 01:06:39,520
to form proteins all by itself in kind

1568
01:06:43,349 --> 01:06:41,520
of different bits and what i'd actually

1569
01:06:45,670 --> 01:06:43,359
really like to do someday is have kind

1570
01:06:47,270 --> 01:06:45,680
of an rna party and a test tube and see

1571
01:06:50,870 --> 01:06:47,280
if we can actually start you know making

1572
01:06:52,470 --> 01:06:50,880
proteins just with rna

1573
01:06:53,910 --> 01:06:52,480
i i think i don't have anything now i

1574
01:06:56,230 --> 01:06:53,920
think that was really terrific i love i

1575
01:06:57,510 --> 01:06:56,240
love anytime somebody can can do origami

1576
01:06:58,789 --> 01:06:57,520
on stage

1577
01:07:09,349 --> 01:06:58,799
it's all good

1578
01:07:09,359 --> 01:07:12,309
wow

1579
01:07:12,319 --> 01:07:19,029
i'm glad uhura took up communications

1580
01:07:19,039 --> 01:07:26,150
thank you thank you so much

1581
01:07:38,630 --> 01:07:27,910
okay i'm i

1582
01:07:44,630 --> 01:07:39,510
yeah

1583
01:07:44,640 --> 01:07:48,950
studies planetary protection

1584
01:07:54,069 --> 01:07:50,630
after all that's been on there i think

1585
01:07:59,750 --> 01:07:57,349
planetary protection

1586
01:08:01,589 --> 01:07:59,760
he's going to come up and talk about the

1587
01:08:04,069 --> 01:08:01,599
true nature

1588
01:08:14,309 --> 01:08:04,079
of self

1589
01:08:18,470 --> 01:08:16,630
we as a human being take an extreme

1590
01:08:20,309 --> 01:08:18,480
pride in ourselves

1591
01:08:22,550 --> 01:08:20,319
as highly evolved and intelligent

1592
01:08:24,709 --> 01:08:22,560
species on this planet

1593
01:08:27,110 --> 01:08:24,719
but i want to find out what is the true

1594
01:08:29,990 --> 01:08:27,120
nature of self because all our research

1595
01:08:32,789 --> 01:08:30,000
our understanding our findings

1596
01:08:34,229 --> 01:08:32,799
are centric to this self identity or our

1597
01:08:36,149 --> 01:08:34,239
self

1598
01:08:39,110 --> 01:08:36,159
to find out that we have to take a small

1599
01:08:41,590 --> 01:08:39,120
journey a very short journey to the end

1600
01:08:44,070 --> 01:08:41,600
of this known universe

1601
01:08:46,950 --> 01:08:44,080
and we're going to borrow the spaceship

1602
01:08:48,789 --> 01:08:46,960
from michelle can we

1603
01:08:50,950 --> 01:08:48,799
and then we'll start our journey with

1604
01:08:53,590 --> 01:08:50,960
the speed of light and we're going to

1605
01:08:55,269 --> 01:08:53,600
move start moving from our this own

1606
01:08:58,470 --> 01:08:55,279
planet

1607
01:09:01,030 --> 01:08:58,480
within 5 hours and 15 minutes

1608
01:09:03,590 --> 01:09:01,040
will be the end of our last planet on

1609
01:09:05,749 --> 01:09:03,600
this pluto

1610
01:09:06,950 --> 01:09:05,759
sorry pluto is not anymore a planet

1611
01:09:08,789 --> 01:09:06,960
right

1612
01:09:11,189 --> 01:09:08,799
damn

1613
01:09:12,070 --> 01:09:11,199
well we'll get over it mr tyson that's

1614
01:09:13,510 --> 01:09:12,080
fine

1615
01:09:15,590 --> 01:09:13,520
we got we're not going to stop there

1616
01:09:18,470 --> 01:09:15,600
anyway we'll continue our journey

1617
01:09:20,470 --> 01:09:18,480
perpendicular and keep moving

1618
01:09:22,470 --> 01:09:20,480
all the stars disappear

1619
01:09:26,470 --> 01:09:22,480
and keep moving

1620
01:09:29,910 --> 01:09:26,480
within 5 000 years we cross the closest

1621
01:09:31,669 --> 01:09:29,920
sun alpha century to our solar system

1622
01:09:35,030 --> 01:09:31,679
but we're not going to stop there too

1623
01:09:37,590 --> 01:09:35,040
we'll keep moving and it's not till 100

1624
01:09:40,070 --> 01:09:37,600
000 light years we pass and we can see

1625
01:09:42,149 --> 01:09:40,080
the spiral structure of our own galaxy

1626
01:09:44,229 --> 01:09:42,159
our milky way

1627
01:09:46,390 --> 01:09:44,239
we're not going to stop there either

1628
01:09:49,829 --> 01:09:46,400
if we keep moving

1629
01:09:52,870 --> 01:09:49,839
every moving star is no more a star it's

1630
01:09:55,110 --> 01:09:52,880
an entire galaxy comprised of billions

1631
01:09:57,189 --> 01:09:55,120
and billions of stars within it

1632
01:09:58,790 --> 01:09:57,199
and more complex and diverse than each

1633
01:10:01,030 --> 01:09:58,800
other

1634
01:10:02,870 --> 01:10:01,040
one billion year

1635
01:10:05,510 --> 01:10:02,880
5 billion years

1636
01:10:07,110 --> 01:10:05,520
and after 10 billion years

1637
01:10:09,430 --> 01:10:07,120
we will stop

1638
01:10:11,510 --> 01:10:09,440
i mean look back where we started

1639
01:10:16,709 --> 01:10:11,520
and when i look back i could see the

1640
01:10:19,990 --> 01:10:16,719
extreme tapestry of this known cosmos

1641
01:10:22,709 --> 01:10:20,000
if i look back and i feel small and

1642
01:10:24,149 --> 01:10:22,719
short there is something wrong with me

1643
01:10:26,950 --> 01:10:24,159
i don't feel like that

1644
01:10:28,310 --> 01:10:26,960
because every carbon nitrogen and oxygen

1645
01:10:29,830 --> 01:10:28,320
in my body

1646
01:10:32,630 --> 01:10:29,840
was born somewhere out there in those

1647
01:10:34,390 --> 01:10:32,640
distance galaxies and it's within me

1648
01:10:38,229 --> 01:10:34,400
i feel great

1649
01:10:40,470 --> 01:10:38,239
hindus call it as advaita or non-duality

1650
01:10:42,830 --> 01:10:40,480
some call it as singularity and some

1651
01:10:45,590 --> 01:10:42,840
call it as cosmic

1652
01:10:49,430 --> 01:10:45,600
kinship carl sagan understood that and

1653
01:10:51,990 --> 01:10:49,440
that's why he said we are star stuff

1654
01:10:52,950 --> 01:10:52,000
and if we understand this true nature of

1655
01:10:54,310 --> 01:10:52,960
self

1656
01:10:56,229 --> 01:10:54,320
we can do

1657
01:10:58,149 --> 01:10:56,239
lot of good discoveries

1658
01:11:00,310 --> 01:10:58,159
and this is why i want to pass this

1659
01:11:02,950 --> 01:11:00,320
message and leave you with this thought

1660
01:11:04,149 --> 01:11:02,960
but tonight when you go to bed at least

1661
01:11:06,390 --> 01:11:04,159
think once

1662
01:11:12,630 --> 01:11:06,400
what is true nature of self

1663
01:11:12,640 --> 01:11:16,630
judges

1664
01:11:20,630 --> 01:11:18,950
that was uh really lovely and inspiring

1665
01:11:24,870 --> 01:11:20,640
and i liked how you worked the phrase

1666
01:11:29,669 --> 01:11:27,270
thank you parag that was lovely and i

1667
01:11:32,630 --> 01:11:29,679
think it's it's an important concept for

1668
01:11:35,430 --> 01:11:32,640
us to discuss particularly with our

1669
01:11:37,110 --> 01:11:35,440
non-experts in our communities uh that

1670
01:11:38,790 --> 01:11:37,120
we are all

1671
01:11:42,709 --> 01:11:38,800
part of the universe we all live in the

1672
01:11:45,910 --> 01:11:44,229
you've made me feel so much better

1673
01:11:47,030 --> 01:11:45,920
tonight

1674
01:11:49,030 --> 01:11:47,040
um you know i think one of the things

1675
01:11:51,189 --> 01:11:49,040
that you've done is something that that

1676
01:11:53,189 --> 01:11:51,199
that other people have done here and

1677
01:11:54,790 --> 01:11:53,199
you've each done it in a really unique

1678
01:11:56,630 --> 01:11:54,800
way which is to

1679
01:12:00,229 --> 01:11:56,640
express scale

1680
01:12:01,910 --> 01:12:00,239
in in a very different way um you know

1681
01:12:04,070 --> 01:12:01,920
one did it through height you've done it

1682
01:12:04,950 --> 01:12:04,080
through speed i i think that's that's

1683
01:12:05,830 --> 01:12:04,960
admirable because i think one of the

1684
01:12:08,310 --> 01:12:05,840
things

1685
01:12:10,950 --> 01:12:08,320
especially layman like myself fail to

1686
01:12:13,110 --> 01:12:10,960
understand often is is scope

1687
01:12:14,630 --> 01:12:13,120
of science and i think you did a great

1688
01:12:16,390 --> 01:12:14,640
job in that i have to ask you because we

1689
01:12:18,229 --> 01:12:16,400
have a little bit of time left something

1690
01:12:19,350 --> 01:12:18,239
has nothing to do with your talk but has

1691
01:12:21,189 --> 01:12:19,360
everything to do with what you study

1692
01:12:23,189 --> 01:12:21,199
which is planetary protection which is

1693
01:12:25,750 --> 01:12:23,199
just the coolest thing in the world

1694
01:12:27,350 --> 01:12:25,760
um so what's the what's the

1695
01:12:29,510 --> 01:12:27,360
what's the thing that the planetary

1696
01:12:30,390 --> 01:12:29,520
protection people worry about the most

1697
01:12:32,950 --> 01:12:30,400
sure

1698
01:12:35,110 --> 01:12:32,960
so planetary protection has two meaning

1699
01:12:37,189 --> 01:12:35,120
i mean two things to worry about one is

1700
01:12:39,510 --> 01:12:37,199
a forward contamination that means you

1701
01:12:41,590 --> 01:12:39,520
don't want to carry any bugs

1702
01:12:43,590 --> 01:12:41,600
with you on the spacecraft to other

1703
01:12:46,070 --> 01:12:43,600
planets and you don't want to bring any

1704
01:12:47,590 --> 01:12:46,080
bugs back which we haven't done yet but

1705
01:12:50,390 --> 01:12:47,600
we don't want to bring anything back

1706
01:12:52,550 --> 01:12:50,400
from other planets to this our own

1707
01:12:53,510 --> 01:12:52,560
planet so we make sure that we are not

1708
01:12:56,790 --> 01:12:53,520
carrying

1709
01:12:58,709 --> 01:12:56,800
uh microbes with us on the other planet

1710
01:13:00,229 --> 01:12:58,719
being said that we cannot completely

1711
01:13:02,630 --> 01:13:00,239
sterilize the spacecraft but we make

1712
01:13:03,830 --> 01:13:02,640
sure that it's below a certain threshold

1713
01:13:05,350 --> 01:13:03,840
that is not going to contaminate the

1714
01:13:08,709 --> 01:13:05,360
other planets

1715
01:13:10,470 --> 01:13:08,719
i feel safer now so thank you

1716
01:13:16,070 --> 01:13:10,480
thank you

1717
01:13:22,790 --> 01:13:19,110
so i'm star stuff

1718
01:13:26,390 --> 01:13:24,550
where do we go from here

1719
01:13:30,470 --> 01:13:26,400
is that the end

1720
01:13:33,990 --> 01:13:31,590
aha

1721
01:13:36,070 --> 01:13:34,000
i guess i'll put my eyeglasses on i knew

1722
01:13:40,390 --> 01:13:36,080
you were there all the time

1723
01:13:44,390 --> 01:13:42,310
finally we're going to see nicole

1724
01:13:51,430 --> 01:13:44,400
younger

1725
01:13:54,390 --> 01:13:51,440
she's a physicist and she's going to

1726
01:13:56,790 --> 01:13:54,400
deliver presentation entitled

1727
01:13:58,870 --> 01:13:56,800
i love the smell of evolution in the

1728
01:14:10,229 --> 01:13:58,880
morning

1729
01:14:14,709 --> 01:14:11,750
life is like

1730
01:14:16,790 --> 01:14:14,719
a garbage dump

1731
01:14:19,669 --> 01:14:16,800
never mind when you hear about boxes of

1732
01:14:22,470 --> 01:14:19,679
chocolates living systems are organized

1733
01:14:24,709 --> 01:14:22,480
like dumps by thinking about a dump we

1734
01:14:26,550 --> 01:14:24,719
can understand why life can evolve why

1735
01:14:30,470 --> 01:14:26,560
we can exist

1736
01:14:36,950 --> 01:14:30,480
picture a dump see the rusty bicycles

1737
01:14:44,070 --> 01:14:40,229
let's give our dump a stench rating

1738
01:14:46,550 --> 01:14:44,080
if the old meatloaf mixes with car oil

1739
01:14:47,830 --> 01:14:46,560
the smell knocks us out and has a rating

1740
01:14:51,030 --> 01:14:47,840
of ten

1741
01:14:53,590 --> 01:14:51,040
if food occupies one bin meddles another

1742
01:14:56,470 --> 01:14:53,600
and so on the smell just turns us pale

1743
01:14:59,350 --> 01:14:56,480
green and has a rating of one

1744
01:15:02,070 --> 01:14:59,360
now picture a primordial soup

1745
01:15:03,590 --> 01:15:02,080
carbon atoms mix with hydrogen oxygen

1746
01:15:06,470 --> 01:15:03,600
and other atoms

1747
01:15:09,669 --> 01:15:06,480
carbon atoms are like milk cartons

1748
01:15:12,630 --> 01:15:09,679
hydrogen is like hamster droppings the

1749
01:15:14,630 --> 01:15:12,640
primordial soup is like a dump where the

1750
01:15:17,030 --> 01:15:14,640
trash mixes

1751
01:15:18,149 --> 01:15:17,040
primordial soups have high stench

1752
01:15:20,390 --> 01:15:18,159
readings

1753
01:15:22,950 --> 01:15:20,400
stench doesn't sound scientific

1754
01:15:25,350 --> 01:15:22,960
physicists say entropy

1755
01:15:27,030 --> 01:15:25,360
primordial soups have high entropy

1756
01:15:29,750 --> 01:15:27,040
they're disordered

1757
01:15:32,070 --> 01:15:29,760
organisms have low entropy

1758
01:15:34,070 --> 01:15:32,080
the atoms in us are organized into

1759
01:15:36,790 --> 01:15:34,080
molecules and cells

1760
01:15:38,870 --> 01:15:36,800
a cell is like a bin in the dump

1761
01:15:41,750 --> 01:15:38,880
dumps that have bins have low stench

1762
01:15:43,830 --> 01:15:41,760
ratings organisms that have cells have

1763
01:15:47,189 --> 01:15:43,840
low entropy

1764
01:15:49,510 --> 01:15:47,199
how can a high entropy disordered

1765
01:15:53,110 --> 01:15:49,520
primordial soup evolve into a low

1766
01:15:55,430 --> 01:15:53,120
entropy ordered organism a physical law

1767
01:15:56,790 --> 01:15:55,440
says that many systems become more

1768
01:15:59,430 --> 01:15:56,800
disordered

1769
01:16:01,669 --> 01:15:59,440
if we throw more trash in the dump the

1770
01:16:03,350 --> 01:16:01,679
smell won't improve

1771
01:16:04,709 --> 01:16:03,360
right

1772
01:16:07,990 --> 01:16:04,719
wrong

1773
01:16:09,990 --> 01:16:08,000
if we put clothes pins on our noses and

1774
01:16:15,030 --> 01:16:10,000
organize the dump

1775
01:16:17,669 --> 01:16:15,040
dirty our clothes if we pollute while

1776
01:16:20,470 --> 01:16:17,679
driving to the dump if we create more

1777
01:16:21,430 --> 01:16:20,480
disorder outside the dump than order in

1778
01:16:24,550 --> 01:16:21,440
it

1779
01:16:27,189 --> 01:16:24,560
similarly as life has evolved on earth

1780
01:16:29,590 --> 01:16:27,199
the earth has radiated we've polluted

1781
01:16:32,149 --> 01:16:29,600
outer space with energy

1782
01:16:35,590 --> 01:16:32,159
evolution creates more disorder outside

1783
01:16:38,709 --> 01:16:35,600
living systems than order in them

1784
01:16:39,830 --> 01:16:38,719
evolution can enable organized life to

1785
01:16:40,709 --> 01:16:39,840
form

1786
01:16:43,110 --> 01:16:40,719
we

1787
01:16:45,910 --> 01:16:43,120
can exist

1788
01:16:46,830 --> 01:16:45,920
and life is like a garbage dump

1789
01:16:48,550 --> 01:16:46,840
we

1790
01:17:03,669 --> 01:16:48,560
smell

1791
01:17:07,030 --> 01:17:05,750
judges

1792
01:17:09,189 --> 01:17:07,040
nicole i remember

1793
01:17:11,189 --> 01:17:09,199
seeing you in dc and and

1794
01:17:13,590 --> 01:17:11,199
and wondering how you can keep up such

1795
01:17:15,669 --> 01:17:13,600
energy uh it's amazing and especially

1796
01:17:18,870 --> 01:17:15,679
given the fact it's not easy to go to go

1797
01:17:20,470 --> 01:17:18,880
last um so it's really it's great and

1798
01:17:24,709 --> 01:17:20,480
and i think one of the things you've

1799
01:17:27,030 --> 01:17:24,719
done really well is you've painted a

1800
01:17:29,750 --> 01:17:27,040
a picture a visual or i guess this time

1801
01:17:31,830 --> 01:17:29,760
an olfactory

1802
01:17:33,430 --> 01:17:31,840
picture in all of our heads and i think

1803
01:17:35,270 --> 01:17:33,440
a great science communicator great

1804
01:17:37,189 --> 01:17:35,280
communicator has to be able to paint a

1805
01:17:40,310 --> 01:17:37,199
great picture and drag the audience

1806
01:17:41,990 --> 01:17:40,320
along so great job on that

1807
01:17:43,430 --> 01:17:42,000
thank you nicole that was wonderful and

1808
01:17:44,950 --> 01:17:43,440
when you're rich and famous your

1809
01:17:48,790 --> 01:17:44,960
signature perfume will be called

1810
01:17:52,709 --> 01:17:50,470
and i'm going to take this opportunity

1811
01:17:54,709 --> 01:17:52,719
because we won't have an opportunity to

1812
01:17:57,189 --> 01:17:54,719
speak with all the contestants once we

1813
01:17:59,750 --> 01:17:57,199
go into our chambers but i've seen you

1814
01:18:01,910 --> 01:17:59,760
all either live or recorded and you've

1815
01:18:03,270 --> 01:18:01,920
all gotten better you've all gained more

1816
01:18:04,950 --> 01:18:03,280
confidence you all came into this

1817
01:18:06,550 --> 01:18:04,960
competition with a lot of confidence it

1818
01:18:08,870 --> 01:18:06,560
takes a lot of confidence to get up

1819
01:18:10,790 --> 01:18:08,880
there in front of strangers and and do

1820
01:18:12,550 --> 01:18:10,800
your thing you've gotten better at it

1821
01:18:14,229 --> 01:18:12,560
you're more comfortable and all of you

1822
01:18:16,070 --> 01:18:14,239
who competed

1823
01:18:18,709 --> 01:18:16,080
and have not gone up on stage tonight

1824
01:18:20,310 --> 01:18:18,719
i'm sure you're all getting better

1825
01:18:24,149 --> 01:18:20,320
and the learning curve has been

1826
01:18:26,070 --> 01:18:24,159
wonderful to observe so thank you all

1827
01:18:29,030 --> 01:18:26,080
i can pre i completely agree with what

1828
01:18:29,830 --> 01:18:29,040
uh linda said uh you're you're all just

1829
01:18:30,630 --> 01:18:29,840
uh

1830
01:18:32,870 --> 01:18:30,640
so

1831
01:18:35,189 --> 01:18:32,880
wonderful you uh have all blown us away

1832
01:18:37,510 --> 01:18:35,199
and your energy is terrific especially

1833
01:18:41,030 --> 01:18:37,520
in in a large room like this it it's

1834
01:18:42,390 --> 01:18:41,040
just wonderful you you fill the hall um

1835
01:18:44,709 --> 01:18:42,400
quick question since i'm the one with

1836
01:18:48,870 --> 01:18:44,719
the annoying nerdy questions because

1837
01:18:52,950 --> 01:18:50,149
that

1838
01:18:55,189 --> 01:18:52,960
you're saying stuff with high entropy

1839
01:18:57,350 --> 01:18:55,199
is stinky and i feel like there's

1840
01:18:58,550 --> 01:18:57,360
something really profound there but i'm

1841
01:19:03,030 --> 01:18:58,560
not sure why

1842
01:19:05,110 --> 01:19:03,040
why do high entropy things smell

1843
01:19:08,870 --> 01:19:05,120
just to be certain

1844
01:19:11,350 --> 01:19:08,880
the smell is part of the analogy

1845
01:19:15,750 --> 01:19:11,360
i'm not saying that we smell i trust you

1846
01:19:20,550 --> 01:19:18,070
what i'm trying to say is that

1847
01:19:23,110 --> 01:19:20,560
many physicists like to explain entropy

1848
01:19:25,189 --> 01:19:23,120
in terms of disorder

1849
01:19:27,990 --> 01:19:25,199
something that is a high entropy system

1850
01:19:30,470 --> 01:19:28,000
is like a disordered garbage dump and

1851
01:19:33,030 --> 01:19:30,480
just like a disordered garbage dump has

1852
01:19:35,030 --> 01:19:33,040
a high stench rating

1853
01:19:36,470 --> 01:19:35,040
a high entropy

1854
01:19:38,630 --> 01:19:36,480
organic system

1855
01:19:41,110 --> 01:19:38,640
has high entropy

1856
01:19:43,750 --> 01:19:41,120
a sort of disordered

1857
01:19:45,590 --> 01:19:43,760
organic system has high entropy so i'm

1858
01:20:04,070 --> 01:19:45,600
saying that the stench is like the

1859
01:20:09,910 --> 01:20:08,229
i didn't know that i was so complex

1860
01:20:12,790 --> 01:20:09,920
and beautiful

1861
01:20:15,830 --> 01:20:12,800
until i heard all of you

1862
01:20:18,229 --> 01:20:15,840
and now i'm going home on a high energy

1863
01:20:20,149 --> 01:20:18,239
level i thank you all you're just

1864
01:20:21,750 --> 01:20:20,159
incredible

1865
01:20:25,110 --> 01:20:21,760
judges

1866
01:20:27,830 --> 01:20:25,120
you've got your work cut out for you

1867
01:20:32,310 --> 01:20:27,840
and i don't envy you

1868
01:20:35,189 --> 01:20:33,430
um

1869
01:20:37,750 --> 01:20:35,199
that ends

1870
01:20:39,430 --> 01:20:37,760
the competition and the judges are going

1871
01:20:41,910 --> 01:20:39,440
to retire to

1872
01:20:46,550 --> 01:20:41,920
commissary

1873
01:20:48,950 --> 01:20:47,990
so i know what you're all thinking

1874
01:20:51,590 --> 01:20:48,960
you're all thinking that they have a

1875
01:20:53,350 --> 01:20:51,600
really tough job to do right

1876
01:20:56,310 --> 01:20:53,360
how about a big handful yeah

1877
01:20:56,320 --> 01:21:01,590
judges thank you

1878
01:21:04,470 --> 01:21:02,870
so you might be thinking that they've

1879
01:21:06,629 --> 01:21:04,480
got a really tough job but you've got

1880
01:21:08,149 --> 01:21:06,639
the same job there are note cards that

1881
01:21:10,870 --> 01:21:08,159
we left on your chairs you came in and

1882
01:21:11,830 --> 01:21:10,880
little golf pencils you got to vote okay

1883
01:21:14,550 --> 01:21:11,840
we're going to do a people's choice

1884
01:21:16,070 --> 01:21:14,560
award for one of these 11 contestants so

1885
01:21:17,030 --> 01:21:16,080
fill them out hand them to the aisles

1886
01:21:19,030 --> 01:21:17,040
we're going to volunteers come and

1887
01:21:20,550 --> 01:21:19,040
collect them and while you're doing that

1888
01:21:22,149 --> 01:21:20,560
i'm going to invite up the director of

1889
01:21:24,550 --> 01:21:22,159
development for the cheltenham science

1890
01:21:25,669 --> 01:21:24,560
festival's stephen burgess and steve is

1891
01:21:28,310 --> 01:21:25,679
going to talk to you a little bit about

1892
01:21:30,629 --> 01:21:28,320
the history of fame lab so please

1893
01:21:32,470 --> 01:21:30,639
welcome steve to the stage and continue

1894
01:21:34,310 --> 01:21:32,480
to vote on your favorite choice can we

1895
01:21:36,950 --> 01:21:34,320
do this ladies and gentlemen before you

1896
01:21:40,149 --> 01:21:36,960
leave can we get our ten contestants to

1897
01:22:01,110 --> 01:21:40,159
stand and turn around because each one

1898
01:22:01,120 --> 01:22:08,629
all right but you can only pick one

1899
01:22:13,350 --> 01:22:11,270
no thank you sean

1900
01:22:15,350 --> 01:22:13,360
while you're all uh making your hard

1901
01:22:18,229 --> 01:22:15,360
choices i'll give you a little bit of a

1902
01:22:20,229 --> 01:22:18,239
history of uh a fame lab but first you

1903
01:22:23,030 --> 01:22:20,239
know i would like to thank sean and the

1904
01:22:25,590 --> 01:22:23,040
other teams at uh at nasa

1905
01:22:27,030 --> 01:22:25,600
uh without their uh incredible energy

1906
01:22:29,510 --> 01:22:27,040
and commitment we would have never got

1907
01:22:31,270 --> 01:22:29,520
this far in such a short amount of time

1908
01:22:32,470 --> 01:22:31,280
to put something together in less than

1909
01:22:33,910 --> 01:22:32,480
six months

1910
01:22:35,669 --> 01:22:33,920
having been through many fame lab

1911
01:22:37,910 --> 01:22:35,679
competitions elsewhere in the world is

1912
01:22:39,430 --> 01:22:37,920
remarkable and it is down really to the

1913
01:22:43,189 --> 01:22:39,440
energy of the three

1914
01:22:47,750 --> 01:22:46,070
fame lab was started uh in the uk in

1915
01:22:48,629 --> 01:22:47,760
2005

1916
01:22:50,470 --> 01:22:48,639
so

1917
01:22:51,590 --> 01:22:50,480
it's not exactly out of the primordial

1918
01:22:52,390 --> 01:22:51,600
soup

1919
01:22:54,709 --> 01:22:52,400
in here

1920
01:22:58,470 --> 01:22:54,719
relatively young

1921
01:23:00,470 --> 01:22:58,480
and it was started for one reason only

1922
01:23:01,590 --> 01:23:00,480
at that point and that was to find new

1923
01:23:03,189 --> 01:23:01,600
talent

1924
01:23:04,629 --> 01:23:03,199
to feed into the cheltenham science

1925
01:23:06,390 --> 01:23:04,639
festival

1926
01:23:08,310 --> 01:23:06,400
which was a venture of the the

1927
01:23:10,870 --> 01:23:08,320
cheltenham festivals group which

1928
01:23:12,070 --> 01:23:10,880
produces jazz music literature and

1929
01:23:14,070 --> 01:23:12,080
science

1930
01:23:16,709 --> 01:23:14,080
sometimes a strange combination in our

1931
01:23:19,590 --> 01:23:16,719
primordial soup of having science in an

1932
01:23:21,350 --> 01:23:19,600
arts organization but in the end

1933
01:23:23,350 --> 01:23:21,360
uh arts and science is all part of

1934
01:23:25,350 --> 01:23:23,360
culture and i think the more that we

1935
01:23:26,950 --> 01:23:25,360
actually get the two sets of disciplines

1936
01:23:29,430 --> 01:23:26,960
working together i think the better

1937
01:23:32,470 --> 01:23:29,440
we'll all be at communicating

1938
01:23:35,990 --> 01:23:32,480
uh so fame lab was basically set up as a

1939
01:23:38,550 --> 01:23:36,000
talent pool uh a pipeline if you like to

1940
01:23:41,110 --> 01:23:38,560
feed into the into the science festival

1941
01:23:43,510 --> 01:23:41,120
knowing that there was a shortage of top

1942
01:23:47,189 --> 01:23:43,520
communicators even in the uk where we do

1943
01:23:49,830 --> 01:23:47,199
have a history of science communication

1944
01:23:51,270 --> 01:23:49,840
for that uh what soon became apparent is

1945
01:23:53,750 --> 01:23:51,280
we'd actually sort of touched a bit of a

1946
01:23:56,229 --> 01:23:53,760
nerve uh with uh with fame lab and it

1947
01:23:57,830 --> 01:23:56,239
soon got to be noticed elsewhere

1948
01:23:59,990 --> 01:23:57,840
uh so it was a case of sort of light the

1949
01:24:01,830 --> 01:24:00,000
blue touch paper and stand well back and

1950
01:24:05,030 --> 01:24:01,840
we were somewhat surprised at the

1951
01:24:06,629 --> 01:24:05,040
explosion of interest in operating fame

1952
01:24:08,229 --> 01:24:06,639
lab

1953
01:24:09,910 --> 01:24:08,239
on a global basis we couldn't have done

1954
01:24:10,950 --> 01:24:09,920
it without the support of the british

1955
01:24:12,870 --> 01:24:10,960
council

1956
01:24:14,950 --> 01:24:12,880
who are a part government organization

1957
01:24:16,629 --> 01:24:14,960
who operate in many many countries

1958
01:24:18,709 --> 01:24:16,639
around the world

1959
01:24:19,830 --> 01:24:18,719
they helped us take the the family

1960
01:24:22,709 --> 01:24:19,840
competition

1961
01:24:24,870 --> 01:24:22,719
uh in from an infrastructure perspective

1962
01:24:26,229 --> 01:24:24,880
like we have with nasa here it's very

1963
01:24:28,310 --> 01:24:26,239
very important that we have people on

1964
01:24:31,030 --> 01:24:28,320
the ground who are committed who can

1965
01:24:33,669 --> 01:24:31,040
actually work with the local groups uh

1966
01:24:36,629 --> 01:24:33,679
to put these competitions on

1967
01:24:39,510 --> 01:24:36,639
and now it's running from israel to hong

1968
01:24:42,870 --> 01:24:39,520
kong from lithuania and poland

1969
01:24:45,669 --> 01:24:42,880
uh down to south africa and of course

1970
01:24:47,510 --> 01:24:45,679
with nasa and a small group in

1971
01:24:49,110 --> 01:24:47,520
switzerland called cern i'm not exactly

1972
01:24:50,310 --> 01:24:49,120
sure what they do

1973
01:24:52,149 --> 01:24:50,320
but uh

1974
01:24:54,310 --> 01:24:52,159
we're also very proud to be able to work

1975
01:24:56,470 --> 01:24:54,320
with with them

1976
01:24:58,470 --> 01:24:56,480
so fame lab basically

1977
01:25:00,629 --> 01:24:58,480
is the future of science communication

1978
01:25:02,629 --> 01:25:00,639
in many areas a lot of countries that we

1979
01:25:04,950 --> 01:25:02,639
work in they've never really done

1980
01:25:07,430 --> 01:25:04,960
science communication it's always been

1981
01:25:09,910 --> 01:25:07,440
the professors talking to the people and

1982
01:25:11,510 --> 01:25:09,920
not listening to the people and no

1983
01:25:13,030 --> 01:25:11,520
dialogue with them

1984
01:25:15,430 --> 01:25:13,040
so for us it's all about public

1985
01:25:16,790 --> 01:25:15,440
engagement it's getting organizations

1986
01:25:19,030 --> 01:25:16,800
and individuals

1987
01:25:21,350 --> 01:25:19,040
to take science seriously and the fact

1988
01:25:23,669 --> 01:25:21,360
that people aren't stupid they know when

1989
01:25:26,390 --> 01:25:23,679
uh the truth is being told uh you just

1990
01:25:28,390 --> 01:25:26,400
have to explain it in creative ways and

1991
01:25:30,550 --> 01:25:28,400
these guys today have done a fantastic

1992
01:25:31,350 --> 01:25:30,560
job i've learned a lot i've seen a lot

1993
01:25:33,030 --> 01:25:31,360
of

1994
01:25:35,430 --> 01:25:33,040
fame like competitions over the last

1995
01:25:37,030 --> 01:25:35,440
couple of years and they're very very

1996
01:25:39,030 --> 01:25:37,040
talented group

1997
01:25:40,390 --> 01:25:39,040
so fame lab really is

1998
01:25:41,990 --> 01:25:40,400
breaking borders

1999
01:25:43,669 --> 01:25:42,000
uh it's going to go into many more

2000
01:25:46,229 --> 01:25:43,679
countries over the next

2001
01:25:48,550 --> 01:25:46,239
couple of years uh hopefully into india

2002
01:25:50,629 --> 01:25:48,560
into china in brazil

2003
01:25:53,430 --> 01:25:50,639
uh in india it will be an interesting

2004
01:25:55,430 --> 01:25:53,440
one being a competition driven

2005
01:25:57,510 --> 01:25:55,440
country i think letting fame lab off in

2006
01:26:00,229 --> 01:25:57,520
there will be very very interesting

2007
01:26:03,430 --> 01:26:00,239
so again many many thanks we appreciate

2008
01:26:05,110 --> 01:26:03,440
all your help and uh and uh an interest

2009
01:26:06,550 --> 01:26:05,120
and i'll hand you back to sean we'll

2010
01:26:08,950 --> 01:26:06,560
finish off the rest and of course the

2011
01:26:10,550 --> 01:26:08,960
main act and me being on the same stage

2012
01:26:12,950 --> 01:26:10,560
as nichelle that is

2013
01:26:18,310 --> 01:26:12,960
that is just it that

2014
01:26:22,470 --> 01:26:20,390
so we have one more speaker this evening

2015
01:26:24,070 --> 01:26:22,480
and she is going to not be limited to

2016
01:26:26,070 --> 01:26:24,080
three minutes please join me in

2017
01:26:27,590 --> 01:26:26,080
re-welcoming miss michelle nichols to

2018
01:26:29,350 --> 01:26:27,600
the stage

2019
01:26:33,030 --> 01:26:29,360
thank you very much

2020
01:26:37,270 --> 01:26:34,870
wow

2021
01:26:39,669 --> 01:26:37,280
i don't know what to say after all of

2022
01:27:01,750 --> 01:26:39,679
this but i know that my brain

2023
01:27:08,629 --> 01:27:05,110
the magic that you have brought to

2024
01:27:13,430 --> 01:27:08,639
science and the communication

2025
01:27:13,440 --> 01:27:16,790
communicate

2026
01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:23,270
so brilliantly so

2027
01:27:28,310 --> 01:27:26,149
so immediately

2028
01:27:30,149 --> 01:27:28,320
i want to thank you each each and every

2029
01:27:34,149 --> 01:27:30,159
one of you

2030
01:27:39,430 --> 01:27:36,950
when i decided what i wanted to be i was

2031
01:27:41,270 --> 01:27:39,440
a very very young

2032
01:27:44,550 --> 01:27:41,280
girl

2033
01:27:49,510 --> 01:27:47,990
i always wanted to be everything

2034
01:27:54,950 --> 01:27:49,520
i

2035
01:27:58,070 --> 01:27:54,960
ballet

2036
01:28:03,750 --> 01:27:58,080
and then to afro-cuban and modern and

2037
01:28:06,790 --> 01:28:05,350
and acting

2038
01:28:08,390 --> 01:28:06,800
was just

2039
01:28:09,830 --> 01:28:08,400
a natural thing

2040
01:28:12,070 --> 01:28:09,840
with me

2041
01:28:16,070 --> 01:28:12,080
and i see that with you

2042
01:28:18,709 --> 01:28:16,080
that what you put what possesses you is

2043
01:28:21,189 --> 01:28:18,719
a natural part of you it's just

2044
01:28:23,189 --> 01:28:21,199
wonderful to behold

2045
01:28:27,510 --> 01:28:23,199
and i think

2046
01:28:33,350 --> 01:28:30,390
wonderful career the ups and the downs

2047
01:28:34,390 --> 01:28:33,360
and the in-betweens and the sideways and

2048
01:28:37,750 --> 01:28:34,400
the

2049
01:28:41,910 --> 01:28:37,760
great blowouts have all added to who i

2050
01:28:44,790 --> 01:28:41,920
am they all add to who you are

2051
01:28:50,390 --> 01:28:47,990
and i give thanks to every up and down

2052
01:28:53,350 --> 01:28:50,400
moment of my life

2053
01:28:54,870 --> 01:28:53,360
because it has been a long and varied

2054
01:28:57,590 --> 01:28:54,880
life

2055
01:29:02,550 --> 01:28:57,600
and i'd like

2056
01:29:08,870 --> 01:29:06,070
and i don't say that facetiously

2057
01:29:11,910 --> 01:29:08,880
i don't think that it's impossible

2058
01:29:15,110 --> 01:29:11,920
because we've come such a long ways

2059
01:29:19,590 --> 01:29:17,590
40 to 60 being

2060
01:29:23,750 --> 01:29:19,600
old

2061
01:29:28,870 --> 01:29:23,760
we're

2062
01:29:33,430 --> 01:29:31,430
we don't have time to grow old

2063
01:29:41,750 --> 01:29:33,440
we've got too much to do

2064
01:29:41,760 --> 01:29:46,950
i always knew what i wanted to do

2065
01:29:51,830 --> 01:29:49,030
as i said

2066
01:29:53,669 --> 01:29:51,840
and i was doing

2067
01:29:55,590 --> 01:29:53,679
and i was

2068
01:29:57,830 --> 01:29:55,600
invited i've traveled all over the world

2069
01:29:58,950 --> 01:29:57,840
well maybe not all over the world but

2070
01:30:00,790 --> 01:29:58,960
um

2071
01:30:02,149 --> 01:30:00,800
pretty much

2072
01:30:04,550 --> 01:30:02,159
and i had

2073
01:30:08,790 --> 01:30:04,560
been in london

2074
01:30:11,430 --> 01:30:08,800
and i had decided i had never seen paris

2075
01:30:13,830 --> 01:30:11,440
and i'd been to london several times but

2076
01:30:16,149 --> 01:30:13,840
always had to get back right away now i

2077
01:30:19,350 --> 01:30:16,159
had nothing to do really really that was

2078
01:30:22,310 --> 01:30:19,360
going to keep me and i went to gay parry

2079
01:30:25,669 --> 01:30:22,320
and i when i got there and friend met

2080
01:30:27,990 --> 01:30:25,679
friends there i said this is

2081
01:30:30,709 --> 01:30:28,000
the beginning of my home this is where

2082
01:30:32,790 --> 01:30:30,719
i'm going to be for the rest of my life

2083
01:30:35,430 --> 01:30:32,800
this is where i'm going to express

2084
01:30:38,950 --> 01:30:35,440
myself until i got a phone call from my

2085
01:30:44,310 --> 01:30:41,110
and he said come home they're doing star

2086
01:30:50,470 --> 01:30:48,310
i didn't know what a star trek was

2087
01:30:52,470 --> 01:30:50,480
i said i'm not coming home

2088
01:30:54,790 --> 01:30:52,480
i'm sending for my son

2089
01:30:57,189 --> 01:30:54,800
and my little son and we're go i'm going

2090
01:31:02,709 --> 01:30:57,199
to live in europe and i'm going he says

2091
01:31:07,910 --> 01:31:05,270
and he thought i knew what star trek was

2092
01:31:10,229 --> 01:31:07,920
but i really didn't

2093
01:31:12,470 --> 01:31:10,239
and the thing was gene roddenberry three

2094
01:31:13,669 --> 01:31:12,480
years before star trek had given me my

2095
01:31:16,390 --> 01:31:13,679
first

2096
01:31:19,669 --> 01:31:16,400
guest star billing in a show that he had

2097
01:31:20,950 --> 01:31:19,679
called the lieutenant with gary lockwood

2098
01:31:25,590 --> 01:31:20,960
and

2099
01:31:26,950 --> 01:31:25,600
nothing happened

2100
01:31:29,350 --> 01:31:26,960
and

2101
01:31:30,470 --> 01:31:29,360
my work was always

2102
01:31:34,550 --> 01:31:30,480
in europe

2103
01:31:36,390 --> 01:31:34,560
and i loved it and i was not coming home

2104
01:31:39,030 --> 01:31:36,400
and then he made me an offer i couldn't

2105
01:31:43,270 --> 01:31:40,229
he said

2106
01:31:45,910 --> 01:31:43,280
you there'll be a first-class round-trip

2107
01:31:47,430 --> 01:31:45,920
ticket on air france or wherever you

2108
01:31:50,709 --> 01:31:47,440
want it

2109
01:31:54,870 --> 01:31:50,719
you come here and go to this interview

2110
01:31:56,310 --> 01:31:54,880
and if you don't get it you can be back

2111
01:31:58,629 --> 01:31:56,320
in europe

2112
01:31:59,669 --> 01:31:58,639
in less than a week and the ticket is on

2113
01:32:00,709 --> 01:31:59,679
me

2114
01:32:02,709 --> 01:32:00,719
i went

2115
01:32:04,790 --> 01:32:02,719
hmm

2116
01:32:08,390 --> 01:32:04,800
i can go home and get my son and bring

2117
01:32:12,310 --> 01:32:08,400
him back and won't cost me anything

2118
01:32:15,350 --> 01:32:12,320
but i didn't agree very fast and he said

2119
01:32:21,110 --> 01:32:18,470
i said okay deal

2120
01:32:22,470 --> 01:32:21,120
well in the meantime having lived in

2121
01:32:24,070 --> 01:32:22,480
europe for

2122
01:32:27,189 --> 01:32:24,080
some time

2123
01:32:29,110 --> 01:32:27,199
enough to say this is where i want to be

2124
01:32:32,070 --> 01:32:29,120
i had um

2125
01:32:34,870 --> 01:32:32,080
glamorized myself become very open don't

2126
01:32:38,629 --> 01:32:37,030
i had cut my hair and i wore it in a

2127
01:32:41,430 --> 01:32:38,639
natural

2128
01:32:42,629 --> 01:32:41,440
and i wore it short in the back

2129
01:32:46,149 --> 01:32:42,639
and i

2130
01:32:49,510 --> 01:32:46,159
had straight sideburns

2131
01:32:52,629 --> 01:32:49,520
and a pointed bang

2132
01:32:54,870 --> 01:32:52,639
and a high natural

2133
01:32:58,470 --> 01:32:54,880
and someone had taken me to where i

2134
01:33:02,550 --> 01:33:00,870
designer clothes for a lot less than no

2135
01:33:03,830 --> 01:33:02,560
jobs my phone

2136
01:33:05,750 --> 01:33:03,840
and uh

2137
01:33:09,510 --> 01:33:05,760
when i came back

2138
01:33:13,110 --> 01:33:09,520
i went into them thusly

2139
01:33:16,390 --> 01:33:13,120
with my dior suit on and my hair

2140
01:33:16,400 --> 01:33:20,470
the office where other girls were

2141
01:33:24,550 --> 01:33:23,030
seating waiting to go in

2142
01:33:26,070 --> 01:33:24,560
and they looked up at me and they're

2143
01:33:29,189 --> 01:33:26,080
reading the scripts and they looked up

2144
01:33:29,199 --> 01:33:34,149
and they looked at each other and went

2145
01:33:38,709 --> 01:33:36,629
because you see actors going out for a

2146
01:33:41,430 --> 01:33:38,719
role

2147
01:33:43,430 --> 01:33:41,440
god forbid anybody thinks they really

2148
01:33:45,590 --> 01:33:43,440
really really need this role so we

2149
01:33:47,030 --> 01:33:45,600
usually go out in

2150
01:33:49,669 --> 01:33:47,040
slacks or

2151
01:33:51,189 --> 01:33:49,679
jeans and a sweater and you know we

2152
01:33:57,350 --> 01:33:51,199
really

2153
01:34:01,189 --> 01:33:59,110
and here i am

2154
01:34:04,229 --> 01:34:01,199
walking in like

2155
01:34:05,830 --> 01:34:04,239
it's important

2156
01:34:08,470 --> 01:34:05,840
and i had

2157
01:34:11,110 --> 01:34:08,480
i always read when i'm

2158
01:34:13,510 --> 01:34:11,120
i read a lot but i always read a big

2159
01:34:16,229 --> 01:34:13,520
book i carry a big book especially if

2160
01:34:19,270 --> 01:34:16,239
i'm flying across

2161
01:34:23,110 --> 01:34:19,280
the waters to another country

2162
01:34:25,669 --> 01:34:23,120
and i was reading this one book

2163
01:34:29,510 --> 01:34:25,679
which was a bestseller and i was about

2164
01:34:30,830 --> 01:34:29,520
three a quart a quarter of them

2165
01:34:32,790 --> 01:34:30,840
of the book

2166
01:34:35,750 --> 01:34:32,800
through and

2167
01:34:36,629 --> 01:34:35,760
i came in with the book

2168
01:34:39,990 --> 01:34:36,639
and

2169
01:34:42,709 --> 01:34:40,000
they took me in front of the other girls

2170
01:34:48,470 --> 01:34:42,719
who were there because i told them that

2171
01:34:54,629 --> 01:34:51,750
which really isn't done

2172
01:34:56,310 --> 01:34:54,639
if you're serious about getting the role

2173
01:34:58,950 --> 01:34:56,320
they would have told you

2174
01:35:01,430 --> 01:34:58,960
well go ahead and you know when you find

2175
01:35:03,109 --> 01:35:01,440
time come again they said oh of course

2176
01:35:06,790 --> 01:35:03,119
miss nichols

2177
01:35:10,229 --> 01:35:06,800
and i thought that felt good yes

2178
01:35:11,669 --> 01:35:10,239
so i walked in with this big book

2179
01:35:17,030 --> 01:35:11,679
and

2180
01:35:26,310 --> 01:35:20,550
the producer the director

2181
01:35:30,070 --> 01:35:28,149
and they looked up at me and they looked

2182
01:35:32,149 --> 01:35:30,080
at each other and they said

2183
01:35:33,030 --> 01:35:32,159
they almost got up

2184
01:35:37,430 --> 01:35:33,040
you know

2185
01:35:41,510 --> 01:35:37,440
hello miss nichols um oh come sit down

2186
01:35:45,189 --> 01:35:43,030
and i

2187
01:35:48,629 --> 01:35:45,199
thanked them you know

2188
01:35:53,750 --> 01:35:48,639
and they looked at my hair and they

2189
01:35:53,760 --> 01:36:00,310
leather shoes and bag to match

2190
01:36:06,709 --> 01:36:03,270
my wife has that book

2191
01:36:08,950 --> 01:36:06,719
she just bought it she's raving over it

2192
01:36:11,270 --> 01:36:08,960
another one said yes i have i've just

2193
01:36:13,669 --> 01:36:11,280
bought it i i just haven't gotten a

2194
01:36:15,750 --> 01:36:13,679
chance to open it everybody knew about

2195
01:36:26,629 --> 01:36:15,760
the book

2196
01:36:28,550 --> 01:36:26,639
and 25 minutes later they said maybe we

2197
01:36:32,870 --> 01:36:28,560
should find out what miss nichols has

2198
01:36:35,990 --> 01:36:32,880
come here for would you please read

2199
01:36:40,629 --> 01:36:36,000
oh i'd be delighted to

2200
01:36:43,430 --> 01:36:42,390
bones

2201
01:36:46,870 --> 01:36:43,440
kirk

2202
01:36:49,109 --> 01:36:46,880
and somebody named spock

2203
01:36:53,030 --> 01:36:49,119
and they said and it was a wonderful

2204
01:36:55,750 --> 01:36:53,040
long three-page long scene and so they

2205
01:36:59,830 --> 01:36:55,760
said would you mind reading the role of

2206
01:37:04,790 --> 01:37:01,990
i said i don't mind reading

2207
01:37:07,189 --> 01:37:04,800
either any one of them they're wonderful

2208
01:37:10,470 --> 01:37:07,199
to him in my mind

2209
01:37:12,790 --> 01:37:10,480
and so i ran and i said okay

2210
01:37:14,390 --> 01:37:12,800
um and look through and through and so

2211
01:37:15,910 --> 01:37:14,400
and they said take your time and i said

2212
01:37:17,990 --> 01:37:15,920
i'm going to assume

2213
01:37:20,550 --> 01:37:18,000
i said tell me something about this

2214
01:37:24,870 --> 01:37:20,560
character spock

2215
01:37:28,870 --> 01:37:26,790
and they all looked at each other and

2216
01:37:31,830 --> 01:37:28,880
they said

2217
01:37:33,750 --> 01:37:31,840
don't you know anything about

2218
01:37:40,629 --> 01:37:33,760
this show we're doing

2219
01:37:43,510 --> 01:37:42,550
and they said oh

2220
01:37:44,950 --> 01:37:43,520
well

2221
01:37:47,910 --> 01:37:44,960
the first

2222
01:37:50,709 --> 01:37:47,920
pilot didn't sell and we're redoing the

2223
01:37:53,750 --> 01:37:50,719
pilot and we've decided to put a new

2224
01:37:56,470 --> 01:37:53,760
character in the communications officer

2225
01:37:58,550 --> 01:37:56,480
i said oh spock is a communication so

2226
01:38:03,270 --> 01:37:58,560
he's no no no no

2227
01:38:06,709 --> 01:38:04,950
it's a male

2228
01:38:13,109 --> 01:38:06,719
i said oh

2229
01:38:19,030 --> 01:38:16,390
could it be a female

2230
01:38:21,510 --> 01:38:19,040
and they said

2231
01:38:24,390 --> 01:38:21,520
well yes but linda namoy would not like

2232
01:38:28,790 --> 01:38:26,629
ah a name

2233
01:38:31,430 --> 01:38:28,800
so i said well

2234
01:38:34,870 --> 01:38:31,440
why don't you tell me if

2235
01:38:37,030 --> 01:38:34,880
can i pretend it is a female i can

2236
01:38:40,550 --> 01:38:37,040
if you tell me the characteristics of

2237
01:38:43,910 --> 01:38:40,560
the character i'll

2238
01:38:45,030 --> 01:38:43,920
utilize those and be give you this

2239
01:38:47,350 --> 01:38:45,040
character

2240
01:38:49,990 --> 01:38:47,360
and you'll know if i can act and if you

2241
01:38:51,430 --> 01:38:50,000
really want me in that

2242
01:38:53,590 --> 01:38:51,440
for the role

2243
01:38:56,390 --> 01:38:53,600
and they said fair enough so they told

2244
01:38:59,109 --> 01:38:56,400
me how this character was

2245
01:39:00,390 --> 01:38:59,119
um

2246
01:39:02,149 --> 01:39:00,400
had

2247
01:39:03,990 --> 01:39:02,159
an oster

2248
01:39:05,270 --> 01:39:04,000
characteristic

2249
01:39:08,790 --> 01:39:05,280
um

2250
01:39:10,629 --> 01:39:08,800
all the things that you now know

2251
01:39:12,950 --> 01:39:10,639
of that character

2252
01:39:17,109 --> 01:39:12,960
and somebody said he has green blood and

2253
01:39:21,910 --> 01:39:19,510
well i can't do green blood pointed ears

2254
01:39:25,270 --> 01:39:21,920
but i can do the characteristics

2255
01:39:28,390 --> 01:39:25,280
and so i read for the character

2256
01:39:30,550 --> 01:39:28,400
and i went through one page and

2257
01:39:32,470 --> 01:39:30,560
they had me keep going whoever was

2258
01:39:34,229 --> 01:39:32,480
reading the other characters

2259
01:39:34,870 --> 01:39:34,239
i went to the second label they took me

2260
01:39:38,470 --> 01:39:34,880
all

2261
01:39:41,270 --> 01:39:38,480
and they said

2262
01:39:42,709 --> 01:39:41,280
wow they don't usually do that juicy as

2263
01:39:45,109 --> 01:39:42,719
you know

2264
01:39:47,109 --> 01:39:45,119
and um

2265
01:39:50,390 --> 01:39:47,119
and so they said

2266
01:39:51,189 --> 01:39:50,400
thank you miss nichols for coming in

2267
01:39:52,629 --> 01:39:51,199
and

2268
01:39:54,950 --> 01:39:52,639
so i

2269
01:39:57,669 --> 01:39:54,960
said thank you and they said and the

2270
01:39:58,870 --> 01:39:57,679
director said and miss nichols would you

2271
01:40:02,070 --> 01:39:58,880
wait

2272
01:40:04,390 --> 01:40:02,080
oh that is such a good sign

2273
01:40:06,830 --> 01:40:04,400
it means that you're in contention with

2274
01:40:08,390 --> 01:40:06,840
someone else that you're you're up for

2275
01:40:13,109 --> 01:40:08,400
it

2276
01:40:16,470 --> 01:40:14,310
and so

2277
01:40:23,189 --> 01:40:16,480
i came out and all the girls were

2278
01:40:27,109 --> 01:40:25,510
it only took about five minutes to read

2279
01:40:29,910 --> 01:40:27,119
the thing

2280
01:40:31,669 --> 01:40:29,920
but the rest was on this book

2281
01:40:34,390 --> 01:40:31,679
so

2282
01:40:36,310 --> 01:40:34,400
peg uh penny took the the secretary took

2283
01:40:37,750 --> 01:40:36,320
me into a little ante room and said

2284
01:40:39,990 --> 01:40:37,760
would you wait

2285
01:40:42,950 --> 01:40:40,000
so i went and i picked out my book and i

2286
01:40:47,270 --> 01:40:42,960
curled up on the sofa and i was reading

2287
01:40:49,510 --> 01:40:47,280
my book and the director about

2288
01:40:52,790 --> 01:40:49,520
an hour later

2289
01:40:54,870 --> 01:40:52,800
peeked his head in and said

2290
01:41:00,550 --> 01:40:54,880
he's looking for somebody what are you

2291
01:41:04,229 --> 01:41:02,550
well i've got a paid ticket back to

2292
01:41:06,149 --> 01:41:04,239
europe

2293
01:41:08,310 --> 01:41:06,159
and i said

2294
01:41:09,430 --> 01:41:08,320
you told me to wait

2295
01:41:11,030 --> 01:41:09,440
he said

2296
01:41:13,350 --> 01:41:11,040
oh

2297
01:41:15,189 --> 01:41:13,360
didn't anybody tell you

2298
01:41:17,430 --> 01:41:15,199
i'm picking my stuff i said it's quite

2299
01:41:19,350 --> 01:41:17,440
all right he says no you had it when you

2300
01:41:23,270 --> 01:41:19,360
walked in the door come on let's go to

2301
01:41:28,790 --> 01:41:26,870
and then i got a call for

2302
01:41:30,550 --> 01:41:28,800
well i don't have to payment

2303
01:41:32,709 --> 01:41:30,560
now i've got to pay my

2304
01:41:35,350 --> 01:41:32,719
agent back

2305
01:41:38,310 --> 01:41:35,360
because i've got the role

2306
01:41:41,109 --> 01:41:38,320
and uh of course it's the best

2307
01:41:46,790 --> 01:41:41,119
payback i ever did

2308
01:41:48,149 --> 01:41:46,800
but now i get a call for for fitting

2309
01:41:54,870 --> 01:41:48,159
and

2310
01:41:57,109 --> 01:41:54,880
gene roddenberry called down he knows

2311
01:41:58,790 --> 01:41:57,119
you're having a fitting he wants you to

2312
01:42:01,030 --> 01:41:58,800
come to his office

2313
01:42:03,750 --> 01:42:01,040
so i go to his office after the fitting

2314
01:42:09,109 --> 01:42:05,270
with my book

2315
01:42:12,470 --> 01:42:09,119
and he said it's about that book

2316
01:42:13,510 --> 01:42:12,480
i said yes he said come on let's go have

2317
01:42:17,350 --> 01:42:13,520
lunch

2318
01:42:18,950 --> 01:42:17,360
and we

2319
01:42:21,270 --> 01:42:18,960
went to lunch and was

2320
01:42:22,950 --> 01:42:21,280
not very many people there

2321
01:42:25,270 --> 01:42:22,960
so he said well let's celebrate and he

2322
01:42:28,470 --> 01:42:25,280
bought me a bottle a glass a bottle of

2323
01:42:30,390 --> 01:42:28,480
champagne to celebrate my

2324
01:42:33,109 --> 01:42:30,400
getting the role

2325
01:42:35,750 --> 01:42:33,119
and so he said by the way i never told

2326
01:42:38,470 --> 01:42:35,760
anybody that i knew you or had

2327
01:42:39,590 --> 01:42:38,480
if they didn't know you had a role three

2328
01:42:42,629 --> 01:42:39,600
years ago

2329
01:42:45,270 --> 01:42:42,639
you got it on your own

2330
01:42:47,590 --> 01:42:45,280
and that i was delighted so he said i

2331
01:42:49,590 --> 01:42:47,600
want to talk about that book

2332
01:42:52,310 --> 01:42:49,600
he said it's something about the

2333
01:42:54,149 --> 01:42:52,320
character the name of that book that i'd

2334
01:42:57,189 --> 01:42:54,159
like to use

2335
01:42:58,709 --> 01:42:57,199
for your character but it's a little bit

2336
01:43:02,390 --> 01:42:58,719
too harsh

2337
01:43:04,629 --> 01:43:02,400
and the name of the book was uhuru

2338
01:43:05,990 --> 01:43:04,639
which was a beautiful treatise

2339
01:43:07,910 --> 01:43:06,000
on

2340
01:43:08,870 --> 01:43:07,920
africa

2341
01:43:10,790 --> 01:43:08,880
and

2342
01:43:12,629 --> 01:43:10,800
which i had explained to all the guys in

2343
01:43:14,390 --> 01:43:12,639
the room what it was about and they were

2344
01:43:16,709 --> 01:43:14,400
fascinated

2345
01:43:19,109 --> 01:43:16,719
and he said but i'd like to

2346
01:43:21,910 --> 01:43:19,119
so i picked up my champagne now that i

2347
01:43:23,109 --> 01:43:21,920
have a job

2348
01:43:33,109 --> 01:43:23,119
and

2349
01:43:36,070 --> 01:43:33,119
soften the end of it instead of an uhuru

2350
01:43:37,430 --> 01:43:36,080
put an a on the end of it uhura

2351
01:43:38,950 --> 01:43:37,440
jean said

2352
01:43:41,109 --> 01:43:38,960
that's it

2353
01:43:42,870 --> 01:43:41,119
that's exactly what i want now i know

2354
01:43:47,830 --> 01:43:42,880
where you're from you're from the united

2355
01:43:51,750 --> 01:43:49,189
are part of

2356
01:43:53,990 --> 01:43:51,760
starfleet command you've had a whole

2357
01:43:56,550 --> 01:43:54,000
background and he just went on and he

2358
01:44:00,149 --> 01:43:56,560
was so delighted

2359
01:44:02,310 --> 01:44:01,030
and

2360
01:44:06,870 --> 01:44:02,320
actually

2361
01:44:10,310 --> 01:44:06,880
that is the the way uhura got her name

2362
01:44:11,990 --> 01:44:10,320
and the way i got the role

2363
01:44:13,030 --> 01:44:12,000
it tells you

2364
01:44:14,229 --> 01:44:13,040
that

2365
01:44:15,189 --> 01:44:14,239
you really

2366
01:44:16,070 --> 01:44:15,199
never

2367
01:44:17,830 --> 01:44:16,080
know

2368
01:44:19,910 --> 01:44:17,840
in life

2369
01:44:23,270 --> 01:44:19,920
with all that you know and all that

2370
01:44:25,350 --> 01:44:23,280
you've done or not done

2371
01:44:27,990 --> 01:44:25,360
what's going

2372
01:44:30,629 --> 01:44:28,000
to happen

2373
01:44:36,950 --> 01:44:30,639
with all that you know

2374
01:44:42,229 --> 01:44:39,910
on interviews and didn't get them all

2375
01:44:46,950 --> 01:44:42,239
those years

2376
01:44:49,510 --> 01:44:46,960
suddenly every experience in my life

2377
01:44:51,990 --> 01:44:49,520
took fire

2378
01:44:55,109 --> 01:44:52,000
and allowed me to create

2379
01:44:57,990 --> 01:44:55,119
this wonderful character i

2380
01:44:59,990 --> 01:44:58,000
i don't call it me

2381
01:45:02,950 --> 01:45:00,000
i call it her

2382
01:45:04,149 --> 01:45:02,960
because she is another character in my

2383
01:45:06,070 --> 01:45:04,159
life

2384
01:45:09,109 --> 01:45:06,080
and all that you know

2385
01:45:10,470 --> 01:45:09,119
will be the same you can never undo what

2386
01:45:11,590 --> 01:45:10,480
you know

2387
01:45:14,709 --> 01:45:11,600
you can

2388
01:45:14,719 --> 01:45:18,629
do something else

2389
01:45:22,870 --> 01:45:21,350
but what you have no one can take away

2390
01:45:25,910 --> 01:45:22,880
from you

2391
01:45:26,950 --> 01:45:25,920
and it will enrich your life

2392
01:45:33,669 --> 01:45:26,960
as

2393
01:45:35,430 --> 01:45:33,679
for many years to come

2394
01:45:44,709 --> 01:45:35,440
i

2395
01:45:47,590 --> 01:45:44,719
by not only your knowledge

2396
01:45:50,149 --> 01:45:47,600
but how you've absorbed it

2397
01:45:51,109 --> 01:45:50,159
how you've presented

2398
01:45:54,070 --> 01:45:51,119
us

2399
01:45:54,950 --> 01:45:54,080
with an insight i can feel

2400
01:46:03,750 --> 01:45:54,960
you

2401
01:46:06,790 --> 01:46:03,760
knowledge and made it part

2402
01:46:08,629 --> 01:46:06,800
of your life of who you are

2403
01:46:11,510 --> 01:46:08,639
and so

2404
01:46:14,550 --> 01:46:11,520
today i want to tell you that

2405
01:46:16,470 --> 01:46:14,560
each and every one of you

2406
01:46:19,430 --> 01:46:16,480
are winners

2407
01:46:20,950 --> 01:46:19,440
because you proved it on this stage

2408
01:46:21,990 --> 01:46:20,960
today

2409
01:46:25,270 --> 01:46:22,000
and

2410
01:46:26,550 --> 01:46:25,280
sometimes we only get one chance to

2411
01:46:28,390 --> 01:46:26,560
prove

2412
01:46:31,590 --> 01:46:28,400
who we are

2413
01:46:32,870 --> 01:46:31,600
but who you really are what you own you

2414
01:46:35,590 --> 01:46:32,880
own that

2415
01:46:38,790 --> 01:46:35,600
and can never be taken away from you and

2416
01:46:43,270 --> 01:46:38,800
what you've given us the insight of how

2417
01:46:47,910 --> 01:46:45,830
i'll never forget it

2418
01:46:50,709 --> 01:46:47,920
and you'll never forget it

2419
01:46:52,629 --> 01:46:50,719
because you got to demonstrate it you

2420
01:46:53,510 --> 01:46:52,639
probably even

2421
01:46:57,109 --> 01:46:53,520
yet

2422
01:47:03,910 --> 01:47:01,510
the jewel that you just received today

2423
01:47:06,830 --> 01:47:03,920
to stand on stage

2424
01:47:09,189 --> 01:47:06,840
and open yourself

2425
01:47:09,910 --> 01:47:09,199
up each

2426
01:47:12,149 --> 01:47:09,920
in

2427
01:47:14,470 --> 01:47:12,159
such

2428
01:47:16,950 --> 01:47:14,480
diverse and unique

2429
01:47:17,669 --> 01:47:16,960
ways

2430
01:47:19,830 --> 01:47:17,679
and

2431
01:47:21,590 --> 01:47:19,840
those of you who are still in the

2432
01:47:24,950 --> 01:47:21,600
audience who were

2433
01:47:29,030 --> 01:47:24,960
up for this and anyone

2434
01:47:34,870 --> 01:47:33,430
we have jewels within us

2435
01:47:37,910 --> 01:47:34,880
that we

2436
01:47:40,070 --> 01:47:37,920
don't even realize yet

2437
01:47:44,470 --> 01:47:40,080
you have knowledge

2438
01:47:49,030 --> 01:47:46,310
well

2439
01:47:50,390 --> 01:47:49,040
it's what i do

2440
01:47:52,709 --> 01:47:50,400
it pays my

2441
01:47:55,109 --> 01:47:52,719
bills

2442
01:47:57,590 --> 01:47:55,119
or i'm glad to be a scientist or i'm

2443
01:47:59,270 --> 01:47:57,600
glad to be working i'm glad to be a

2444
01:48:03,430 --> 01:47:59,280
secretariat

2445
01:48:14,229 --> 01:48:08,229
affects another being

2446
01:48:16,390 --> 01:48:14,239
something grows from there

2447
01:48:19,189 --> 01:48:16,400
how i

2448
01:48:20,229 --> 01:48:19,199
being grand and

2449
01:48:21,270 --> 01:48:20,239
being

2450
01:48:23,750 --> 01:48:21,280
came

2451
01:48:26,950 --> 01:48:23,760
and created that rule

2452
01:48:31,189 --> 01:48:29,750
did something

2453
01:48:32,709 --> 01:48:31,199
and i had

2454
01:48:35,510 --> 01:48:32,719
many

2455
01:48:35,520 --> 01:48:38,790
come out of it

2456
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:43,350
the first interracial kiss

2457
01:48:50,629 --> 01:48:45,669
the first black actress to have a

2458
01:48:55,350 --> 01:48:53,430
there's so there are so many firsts

2459
01:48:58,229 --> 01:48:55,360
and one of the

2460
01:49:02,870 --> 01:48:58,239
wonderful firsts

2461
01:49:02,880 --> 01:49:07,430
i came to

2462
01:49:15,669 --> 01:49:12,070
to be asked by nasa at nasa headquarters

2463
01:49:18,550 --> 01:49:15,679
to come and assist them

2464
01:49:21,109 --> 01:49:18,560
come on board and assist them i said in

2465
01:49:23,830 --> 01:49:21,119
recruiting the first women

2466
01:49:25,750 --> 01:49:23,840
and minority astronauts for the space

2467
01:49:28,310 --> 01:49:25,760
shuttle program

2468
01:49:30,470 --> 01:49:28,320
all that i'm telling you led me up to

2469
01:49:36,189 --> 01:49:30,480
that

2470
01:49:39,830 --> 01:49:36,199
it led me here and to many other

2471
01:49:41,350 --> 01:49:39,840
relationships with nasa

2472
01:49:46,390 --> 01:49:41,360
so

2473
01:49:52,070 --> 01:49:47,910
or created

2474
01:49:52,080 --> 01:49:55,990
an astronaut

2475
01:50:01,109 --> 01:49:59,109
i found astronauts

2476
01:50:04,229 --> 01:50:01,119
and i found nasa

2477
01:50:07,669 --> 01:50:04,239
and whenever nasa asked me

2478
01:50:10,390 --> 01:50:07,679
to come and be part of

2479
01:50:13,669 --> 01:50:10,400
i know it's another star in the sky

2480
01:50:18,390 --> 01:50:13,679
another first i get to be here with you

2481
01:50:21,990 --> 01:50:18,400
and this is another wondrous wonderful

2482
01:50:24,790 --> 01:50:22,000
and i thank you all moment in my life

2483
01:50:28,390 --> 01:50:24,800
and thank you all for one two three four

2484
01:56:11,589 --> 01:50:28,400
five six seven eight nine ten eleven

2485
01:56:11,599 --> 01:57:28,229
brandon

2486
01:57:32,229 --> 01:57:30,390
all right something's wrong

2487
01:57:34,470 --> 01:57:32,239
how many do i get there we go that one

2488
01:57:37,350 --> 01:57:34,480
there we go

2489
01:57:39,910 --> 01:57:37,360
all right so this pretty much concludes

2490
01:57:42,709 --> 01:57:39,920
our evening's activities

2491
01:57:45,270 --> 01:57:42,719
uh i wanna michelle michelle and i wanna

2492
01:57:48,310 --> 01:57:45,280
thank all 11 contestants and the other

2493
01:57:50,149 --> 01:57:48,320
60 of that are here that competed in all

2494
01:57:52,070 --> 01:57:50,159
of our competitions

2495
01:57:55,750 --> 01:57:52,080
we have one winner that we named tonight

2496
01:57:57,109 --> 01:57:55,760
that as a prize we are sending them to

2497
01:57:59,750 --> 01:57:57,119
the cheltenham

2498
01:58:02,709 --> 01:57:59,760
science festival this summer to compete

2499
01:58:06,550 --> 01:58:02,719
in the international competition

2500
01:58:09,189 --> 01:58:06,560
and in addition uh the gift from nasa is

2501
01:58:12,550 --> 01:58:09,199
we've invited the winner brendan and a

2502
01:58:14,950 --> 01:58:12,560
guest to join us at jpl in pasadena

2503
01:58:18,310 --> 01:58:14,960
california to witness the landing of the

2504
01:58:25,589 --> 01:58:18,320
msl rover in august 2012.

2505
01:58:25,599 --> 01:58:34,709
and i'll probably see you there

2506
01:58:39,830 --> 01:58:37,990
um so um i was just going to say that we

2507
01:58:43,430 --> 01:58:39,840
haven't uh you don't get the keys to the

2508
01:58:44,149 --> 01:58:43,440
rover but you get to watch it land

2509
01:58:46,149 --> 01:58:44,159
so

2510
01:58:47,750 --> 01:58:46,159
we've selected a single winner but we

2511
01:58:49,589 --> 01:58:47,760
really believe that everybody is a

2512
01:58:52,149 --> 01:58:49,599
winner and you know we say that and we

2513
01:58:53,510 --> 01:58:52,159
honestly believe it we really do we are

2514
01:58:55,669 --> 01:58:53,520
committed to

2515
01:58:56,550 --> 01:58:55,679
utilizing their talents to

2516
01:58:59,109 --> 01:58:56,560
um

2517
01:59:03,109 --> 01:58:59,119
to further communicate our science

2518
01:59:05,109 --> 01:59:03,119
this is the finals for astrobiology 2012

2519
01:59:07,030 --> 01:59:05,119
fame lab but it is actually the

2520
01:59:08,709 --> 01:59:07,040
beginning of what we hope these people

2521
01:59:11,510 --> 01:59:08,719
will do and we hope that there'll be

2522
01:59:13,669 --> 01:59:11,520
continued support for their activities

2523
01:59:15,589 --> 01:59:13,679
so please give them all of you guys

2524
01:59:36,709 --> 01:59:15,599
stand up again give a final round of

2525
01:59:40,709 --> 01:59:38,470
so just a couple more things first of

2526
01:59:43,189 --> 01:59:40,719
all again i want to thank our partners

2527
01:59:47,109 --> 01:59:43,199
the cheltenham science festival

2528
01:59:48,390 --> 01:59:47,119
and the okay blue marbles space science

2529
01:59:52,149 --> 01:59:48,400
institute

2530
01:59:53,990 --> 01:59:52,159
sanjoy

2531
01:59:56,310 --> 01:59:54,000
as well as the host of our uh

2532
01:59:58,550 --> 01:59:56,320
preliminaries so the denver

2533
02:00:00,470 --> 01:59:58,560
museum of natural sciences

2534
02:00:02,390 --> 02:00:00,480
the lunar planetary institute and the

2535
02:00:05,030 --> 02:00:02,400
national geographic so we'd like to

2536
02:00:07,030 --> 02:00:05,040
thank them and some final words to all

2537
02:00:09,910 --> 02:00:07,040
of you out there

2538
02:00:14,390 --> 02:00:09,920
everybody raise their hand

2539
02:00:14,400 --> 02:00:17,510
thank you

2540
02:00:17,520 --> 02:00:20,070
space